LIBRARY 

THE  UNIVERSITY 
OF  CALIFORNIA 

SANTA  BARBARA 


PRESENTED  BY 
MRS.  NELLIE  R.  PREUSS 


BY  CHARLES  S.  NEWHALL 


I. 

THE  TREES  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA. 

II. 
THE  SHRUBS  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA. 

III. 
THE  VINES  OF  NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA. 

IV. 
THE  LEAF-COLLECTOR'S  HANDBOOK  AND  HERBARIUM. 


THE  VINES 


OF 


NORTHEASTERN  AMERICA 


FULLY  ILLUSTRATED  FROM  ORIGINAL  SKETCHES 


CHARLES  S.  NEWHALL 

Author  of  "  The  Trees  of  Northeastern  America,"  "  The  Shrubs 
of  Northeastern  America,"  etc. 


G.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS 


NEW    YORK  LONDON 

5T  TWENTY-THIRD  STREET  24  BEDFORD  STREET. 


limckcrbocker 
1897 


COPYRIGHT,  1897 

BY 

G.  P.  PUTNAM'S  SONS 
Entered  at  Stationers'  Hall,  London 


Ubc  •fcnicberbocfter  prese,  "Mew 


}C  LIBRARY 

UNIVERSITY  OtF  CALIFORNIA 
•££  SANTA  BARBARA 


THE    VINES. 

Frail  things,  fair  things,  that  creep  and  climb 
With  seeming  sense  of  rhythm  and  rhyme, 

That  sometimes  humbly  keep  the  ground 
With  bloom  more  sweet  than  elsewhere  found, 

Yet  sometimes  climb  where  breezes  blow, 
And  robins  build  and  come  and  go, 

You  seem  to  bid  men  aim  like  you 

For  skyward  things  ;  or  (if,  though  true, 

They  fail  to  rise,  as  some  men  must), 
To  live  their  best,  like  you,  and  trust, — 

You  weird,  frail  things  that  lean  and  climb, 
And  all  but  speak  with  sense  and  rhyme. 


CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

THE  VINES iii 

LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS     .                  ...  vii 

PREFACE    .         .         ...         ...         .  xi 

LIST  OF  FAMILIES  AND  OF  GENERA    .         .         .  xiii 

DIRECTIONS,  SIGNS  USED,  ETC.           .         .         .  xvii 

GUIDE  TO  THE  VINES — (BY  FLOWER)         .         .  xix 

(BY  LEAF)     .         .         .  xxiii 

(BY  FRUIT)    .         .         .  xxvii 
DESCRIPTIONS  OF  VINES  (WITH  ILLUSTRATIONS). 

SERIES  A — FLOWERING  PLANTS     .         .         .  1-184 

CLASS  FIRST  (EXOGENS)     .         .         .         .  1-168 

MOSTLY  WITH  DISTINCT  PETALS     .         .  1-84 

MOSTLY  WITH  UNITED  PETALS       .         .  85-154 

MOSTLY  WITH  PETALS  LACKING      .         .  155-168 

CLASS  SECOND  (ENDOGENS)        .         .         .  169-184 

SERIES  B — FLOWERLESS  PLANTS    .         .         .  185-196 

CLASS  THIRD  (ACROGENS)  .      ;.         .         .  185-196 

EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS  .....  197-201 

GLOSSARY          ........  202 

INDEX  TO  THE  VINES         .....  203-207 


ILLUSTRATIONS. 


Figure  i. 

Figure  2. 

Figure  3. 

Figure  4. 

Figure  5. 

Figure  6. 

Figure  7. 

Figure  8.- 

Figure  9.- 

Figure  10 

Figure  n 

Figure  12 

Figure  13 

Figure  14 

Figure  15 

Figure  16 

Figure  17 

Figure  18 

Figure  19 

Figure  20 

Figure  21 

Figure  22 

Figure  23 

Figure  24 


-VIRGIN'S-BOWER, 
-LEATHER-FLOWER, 
-WHORLED  CLEMATIS, 
-MOONSEED, 
-MOUNTAIN  FRINGE, 
-BITTER-SWEET, 


Clematis  Virginiana,  L. 

Clematis  Viorna,  L.  . 

Clematis  verticillaris,  D.  C. 

Menispermum  Canadense,  L. 

Adlumia  fungosa,  Green 

Celastrus  scandens,  L. 


— TRAILING  STRAWBERRY-BUSH,  Euonymous  obovatus,  Nuit. 


-NORTHERN  FOX-GRAPE, 

-SUMMER  GRAPE, 

— FROST-GRAPE, 

— RIVER-GRAPE, 

— RED  GRAPE, 

— SOUTHERN  FOX-GRAPE, 

— VIRGINIA  CREEPER 

, — POISON-IVY. 


Vitis  labrusca,  L. 

Vitis  (Estivalis,  MX. 

Vitis  cor  di folia,  MX. 

Vitis  vulpina,  L. 

Vitis  palmata,  Vahl. 

Vilis  rotund  i 'folia,  MX. 

Ampelopsis  quinqiie folia,  MX. 

Rhus  radicans,  L. 


— SMOOTH   BUSH-TREFOIL,     Desmodium  humifusum,  Beck. 
— BUSH- TREFOIL,  Desmodium  rotundi folium,  D.  C. 

— BUSH-CLOVER,  Ltspedexa procumbent,  MX. 

— KlDNEY-BEAN,  Phaseolus folystachyus  (L.),  B.  S.  P. 

— VARIOUS-LEAVED  KIDNEY-BEAN,  Phaseolus  helvolus,  L. 
— UMBELLED  KIDNEY-BEAN, 

Phaseolus  umbellatus  ( Muhl.),  Britton 

— FEW-FLOWERED  KIDNEY-BEAN, 

Phaseolus  paucijlorus,  Benth. 

— BUTTERFLY-PEA,  Clitoria  Mariana,  L. 

— HOG-PEANUT,  Amphicarpcea  commosa  (L.),  Rid. 

vii 


23 

25 
27 

29 

31 
33 
35 
39 


43 
45 

47 

49 
5i 

53 


Vlll 


Illustrations. 


PAGE 


Figure    25. — MlLK-PEA,                              Galactia  regularis  ( L  J,  B.  S.  P.  53 

Figure   26. — GROUND-NUT,                                       Apios  tuberosa,  Moench.  55 

Figure  27. — COMMON  VETCH,                                            Viria  sativa,  57 

Figure    28. — FOUR-SEEDED  VETCH,                           Vicia  tetrasperma,  L.  59 

Figure  29. — TUFTED  VETCH,                                        Vicia  cracca,  L.  61 

Figure   30. — CAROLINA    VETCH,                             Vicia  Caroliniana,    Walt.  6 1 

Figure   31. — AMERICAN    VETCH,                              Vicia  Americana,  Mulil.  63 

Figure  32. — BEACH-PEA,                                     Lqtkyrus  waritimus,  Big.  63 

Figure  33. — YELLOW-WHITE  VETCHLING,  Lathyrus  ochroleucus,  Hook.  65 

Figure  34. — VEINY  VETCHLING,                      Lathyrus  venosus,  Muhl.  65 

Figure  35. — SWAMP  VETCHLING,                          Lathyrus  palustris,  L.  67 

Figure  36. — SPREADING  VETCHLING,                Lathyrus  pretemis,  L.  67 

Figure  37. — Low  BLACKBERRY,                            Rubus  Canadensis,  L.  71 

Figure    38. — FALSE  VIOLET,                                              Dalibarda  repens,  L.  73 

Figure    39. — CINQUEFOIL,                                            Potenlilla  Canadensis,  L.  73 

Figure  40. — CLIMBING  ROSE,                                    Rose  setigera,  MX.  75 

Figure  41. — PASSION-FLOWER,                                  Passiflora  luu-a,  L.  75 

Figure  42. — ONE-SEEDED  BUR-CUCUMBER,           Sicyos  angulatus,  L.  79. 

Figure    43. — WiLD  BALSAM-APPLE,      Micrampelis  lobata  (Mx.),  Green  83 

Figure   44. — TWIN-FLOWER,                                                Linncca  borealis,  L.  89 

Figure   45. — TRUMPET-HONEYSUCKLE,          Lonicerasempervirens,Ait.  91 

Figure  46. — JAPANESE-HONEYSUCKLE,               Lonicera  Japomca,  7\  93 

Figure  47. — SMALL-LEAVED  HONEYSUCKLE,      Lonicera glauca,  Hill  95 

Figure  48. — PARTRIDGE-BERRY,                            Mitchella  repens,  L.  97 

Figure   49. — BEDSTRAW,                                                           Galium  aparine,  L.  99 

Figure  50. — ROUGH  BEDSTRAW,                       Galium  asprt/lutn,  MX.  99 

Figure  51. — SWEET -Set  NT  ED  BEDSTRAW,       Galium  triflorum ,  MX.  103 

Figure  52.— HAIRY  BEDSTRAW,                             Galium pilosum.  Ait.  103 

Figure  53. — CLIMBING   HEMP-\VEED,                   Mikania  scandens,  L.  105 

Figure  54. — LARGE  CRANBERRY,               Vacdnitim  macrocarpon,  Ait.  107 

Figure  55.— CREEPING  SNOWBERRY,       Chiogenes  serpyllifolia,  Salisb.  107 

Figure    56. — BEARBF.RRY,                               Arctostaphylos  Uva-ursi,  Spreng.  in 

Figure  57. — TRAILING  ARBUTUS,                              Epigasa repens,  L.  115 

Figure    58. — WINTERGREEN,                                    Gaullheria  procumbent,  L.  119 

Figure    59.  — PYXIE,                                                 Pyxidanthera  barbulata,  MX.  123 


Illustrations. 


PAGE 


Figure  60.  —  MONEYWORT,  Lfsimathia  nummvlaria,  L.  125 

Figure    6l. — BLACK    MiLKWEED,  Vincetoxicum  nigrum,  Moench.  125 

Figure  62. — ROUGH-FRUITED  MILKWEED, 

Gonolobus  obliquus,  Moench.  129 

Figure    63. — MORNING-GLORY,  Jpomaa purpurea,  Lam.  131 

Figure  64. — SMALL  MORNING-GLORY,  Ipotnaa  tu'deracea,jacq.  133 

Figure  65. — WILD  CYPRESS-VINE,  ipomaa  cocdnea,  L.  133 

Figure  66. — HEDGE  BINDWEED,  Convolvulus  sepiutn,  L.  135 

Figure    67. — FIELD    CONVOLVULUS,  Convolvulus  arvcnsis,  L.  137 

Figure   68. — BREWERIA,  Breweria  Pickeringii,  G.  141 

Figure   69. — DODDER,    '  Cuscuta  Gronovii,   Wild.  141 

Figure  70. — WOODY   NIGHT-SHADE,  Solanum  dulcamara,  L.  147 

Figure  71. — MATRIMONY-VINE,  Lycium  vulgar e,  Dunal.  149 

Figure  72. — TRUMPET-CREEPER,  Tecoma  radicans,  Juss.  149 

Figure  73. — GILL-OVER-THE-GROUND,  Nepcta  Glechoma,  Benth.  153 

Figure  74. — HALBERD-LEAVED  TEAR-THUMB, 

Polygonum  ari folium,  L>  159 

Figure  75. — ARROW-LEAVED  TEAR-THUMB.  Polygonum  sagittatum,  L.  159 

Figure  76. — BLACK  BINDWEED,  Polygonum  convolvulus,  L.  161 

Figure  77. — BRISTLY-JOINTED  BINDWEED,    PolygonumcHinode,Mx.  161 

Figure  78. — HEDGE  BINDWEED,  Polygonum  scandens,  L.  161 

Figure    79. — PlPE-VlNE,  Aristolochia  Sipho,  L'  Her.  165 

Figure    80. —  HOP,  llumulus  Lttpulus,  L.  167 

Figure  81. — CARRION-FLOWER,  Smilax  herlnuea,  L.  175 

Figure  82. — YELLOWISH  CARRION-FLOWER,  Smilax  tamni folia,  MX.  175 

Figure    83. — CAT-BRIER,  Smilax  rolundi folia,  L.  177 

Figure  84. — FALSE  SARSAPARILLA,  Smilax glauca,  Walt.  177 

Figure  85. — STRETCH-BERRY,  Smilax  bona-nox,  L.  179 

Figure  86. — FALSE  CHINA-BRIER,  Smilax  Pseudo-China,  L.  183 

Figure  87. — LAUREL- LEAVED  SMILAX,  Smilax  lauri folia,  L.  183 

Figure    88. — CLIMBING    FERN,  Lygodium palmatum,  Swartz  187 

Figure  89. — INTERRUPTED  CLUB-MOSS,      Lycopodium  annotinum,  L.  189 

Figure   90. — COMMON    CLUB-MOSS,  Lyr.opodium  clavatum,  L.  191 

Figure  91. — NORTHERN  GROUND-PINE,  Lycopodium  complanatum,  Z.  193 


PREFACE. 


Possibly  the  opinion  of  some  would  be  that  this  volume 
of  the  series  deals  with  a  subject  less  interesting  than  that 
of  the  first  volume,  on  the  Trees,  and  of  the  second 
volume,  on  the  Shrubs.  I  doubt  if  such  judgment  would 
be  deserved.  There  are  too  many  names  among  the  vines 
that  are  of  high  repute  for  one  or  another  of  various  quali- 
ties ;  witness,  for  uniqueness,  the  Dodder,  with  its  tangle 
of  yellow  threads,  and  Pyxie  ;  for  meanness,  the  Poison- 
Ivy  ;  for  lovableness,  the  Trailing  Arbutus  ;  for  old-time 
friendliness,  Morning-Glories. 

Moreover  in  even  larger  measure  than  the  trees  and  the 
shrubs,  the  vines  have  a  personality  of  their  own.  Once 
recognize  a  species,  and  it  can  seldom  be  confused  with 
another,  so  varied  are  the  postures  (prostrate,  reclining, 
climbing)  and  the  methods  of  climbing  (by  help  of  ten- 
dril, of  rootlet,  of  disk,  of  downward  pointing  prickles  and 
hairs),  besides  the  ordinary  differences  of  foliage  and  flower 
and  fruit.  The  vines  are  all  characters,  even  cranks, 
some  of  them ;  and  the  better  we  know  them,  the  more  of 
individuality  they  seem  to  have  ;  and  with  it  all,  the  better 
we  like  them. 


Preface. 


ii. 

All  the  native  and  escaped  vines  found  in  Canada  and 
the  northern  United  States  (east  of  the  line  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  and  north  of  the  line  of  the  southern  boundary 
of  Pennsylvania)  are  described  in  the  following  pages  ; 
and  all  are  pictured,  in  natural  size,  excepting  in  a  few  cases 
where  the  close  resemblance  to  other  forms  makes  repeti- 
tion unnecessary. 

The  three  guides — for  flower,  and  leaf,  and  fruit — will 
be  readily  understood,  and  will  make  identification  in 
most  cases  easy. 

Technical  terms  are  avoided,  as  far  as  possible. 

I  have  reason  again  to  thank  Dr.  N.  S.  Britton, 
Emeritus  Professor  in  Columbia  University  and  Director 
of  the  New  York  Botanical  Garden,  for  valuable  aid  and 
suggestion. 


LIST    OF    FAMILIES    AND    OF    GENERA. 


Family   i.    RANUNCULACE^E  (Crowfoot 

Fam.) 
Family  2.  MENISPERMACEJE  (Moonseed 

Fam.) 
Family  3.  FUMARIACE^E  (Fumitory 

Fam.) 
Family  4.  CELASTRACE^E  (Staff-Tree 

Fam.) 


Family  5.  VITACE/E  (Vine  Fam.) 


Family    6.     ANACARDIACE^E    (Sumach 

Fam.) 
Family  7.  LEGUMINOS^E  (Pulse  Fam.) 


Genus  Clematis,  L.  (Cle- 
matis). 

Genus  Menispermum,  L. 
(Moonseed). 

Genus  Adlumia,  Raf. (Moun- 
tain-Fringe). 

Genus  Celastrus,  L.  (Bitter- 
Sweet). 

Genus  Euonymus,  Tourn. 
(Trailing  Strawberry- 
Bush). 

Genus  Vitis,  Tourn.  (The 
Grape). 

Genus  Ampelopsis,  MX. 
(Virginia  Creeper). 

Genus  Rhus,  L.  (Poison- 
Ivy). 

Genus  Desmodium,  Desv. 
(Bush-Trefoil). 

Genus  Lespedeza,  MX. 
(Bush-Clover). 

Genus  Phaseolus,  Tourn. 
(Kidney-Bean). 

Genus  Clitoria,  L.  (Butter- 
fly-Pea). 

Genus  Amphicarpaea,  Ell. 
(Hog-Peanut). 

Genus  Galactia,  P.  Browne 
(Milk  Pea). 

Genus  Apios,  Boer.  (Ground- 
Nut). 


XIV 


List  of  Families  and  of  Genera. 


Family  7.  LEGUMINOS.E  (Pulse  Fam.) 


Family  8.  ROSACES  (Rose  Fam). 


Family    9.     PASSIFLORACE^E    (Passion- 

Flower  Fam.) 
Family    10.      CUCURBITACEJE    (Gourd 

Fam.) 


Family    n.     CAPRIFOLIACE^E    (Honey- 
suckle Fam.) 


Family  12.    RUBIACE^E  (Madder  Fam.) 


Family    13.     COMPOSITE     (Composite 

Fam.) 
Family  14.  ERICACEAE  (Heath  Fam.) 


Family  15.  DIAPENSIACEJE  (Pyxie  Fam.) 

Family    16.      PRIMULACE^    (Primrose 

Fam.) 
Family  17.   ASCLEPI ADAGES  (Milkweed 

Fam.) 


Genus  Vicia,  Tourn.(  Vetch). 

Genus  Lathyrus,  Tourn. 
(Beach-Pea). 

Genus  Rubus,  Tourn.  (Black- 
berry, etc.). 

Genus  Dalibarda,  L.  (False 
Violet). 

Genus  Potentilla,  L.(Cinque- 
foil). 

Genus  R5sa,  Tourn.  (Rose). 

Genus  Passiflora,  L.  (Pas- 
sion-Flower). 

Genus  Sicyos,  L.  (Bur-Cu- 
cumber). 

Genus  Micrampelis,  MX. 
(Balsam-Apple). 

Genus  Linnaea,  Gronov. 
(Twin-Flower). 

Genus  Lonicera,  L.  (Honey- 
suckle). 

Genus  Mitchella,  L.  (Part- 
ridge-Berry). 

Genus  Galium,  L.  (Bed- 
straw). 

Genus  Mikania  Wild.(Climb- 
ing  Hemp-Weed). 

Genus  Vaccinium,  L.  (Cran- 
berry). 

Genus  Chiogenes,  Salisb. 
(Creeping  Snowberry). 

Genus  Arctostaphylos, 

Adans.  (Bearberry). 

Genus  Epigsea,  L.  (Trailing 
Arbutus). 

Genus  Gaultheria,  Kalm. 
(Creeping  Wintergreen). 

Genus  Pyxidanthera,  MX. 
(Pyxie). 

Genus  Lysimachia,  Tourn. 
(Moneywort). 

Genus  Periploca,  L.  (Twin- 
ing Milkweed). 


List  of  Families  and  of  Genera.       xv 

Family  17.  ASCLEPIADACE^E  (Milkweed      Genus    Vincetoxicum,    Mo- 
Fam.)  ench.       (Black      Milk- 

weed). 

Genus  Gonolobus,  MX. 
(Rough -Fruited  Milk- 
weed). 

Family  18.    CONVOLVULACE^E  (Convol-      Genus   Ipomoea,  L.    (Morn- 
vulus  Fam.)  ing-Glory). 

Genus  Convolvulus,  Tourn. 

(Bindweed). 
Genus      Breweria,     R.     Br. 

(Breweria). 
Genus       Cuscuta,      Tourn. 

(Dodder). 

Family    19.     SOLANACE^E    (Nightshade      Genus      Solanum,      Tourn. 
Fam.)  (Woody    Nightshade). 

Genus  Lycium,  L.     (Matri- 
mony-Vine). 
Family   20.     BIGNONIACE^E    (Bignonia      Genus  Tecoma,  Juss.  (Trum- 

Fam.)  pet-Creeper). 

Family  21.  LABIATE  (Mint  Fam.)  Genus  Nepeta  L.  (Gill-over- 

the-Ground). 
Family  22.    POLYGONACE^:  (Buckwheat      Genus    Polygonum,   Tourn. 

Fam.)  (Knotweed). 

Family   23.    ARISTOLOCHIACE^E   (Birth-      Genus  Aristolochia,  Tourn. 

wort  Fam.)  (Pipe- Vine). 

Family  24.  URTICACE^;  (Nettle  Fam.)        Genus  Humulus,  L.     (Com- 
mon Hop). 
Family  25.  LILIACE^E  (Lily  Fam.)  Genus        Smilax,       Tourn. 

(Greenbrier). 
Family  26.  FI'LICES  (Fern  Fam.)  Genus    Lygodium,    Swartz. 

(Climbing  Fern). 

Family  27.  LYCOPODIACE^E  (Club-Moss      Genus       Lycopodium,      L. 
Fam.)  (Club-Moss). 


DIRECTIONS,    SIGNS    USED,    ETC. 

NOTE  i. — The  place  of  any  given  specimen  can  be 
readily  found  by  help  of  one  or  more  of  the  three 
41  Guides"  given  on  pages  xix-xxx.  The  first  Guide  is 
arranged  for  use  with  the  flowers  ;  the  second,  with  the 
leaves  ;  the  third,  with  the  fruit.  Which  of  the  three  can 
be  used  to  best  advantage  will  depend  on  the  time  of  year. 

The  descriptions  are  scientific  but  not  technical. 

NOTE  2. — In  describing  a  species,  the  general  items  that 
have  been  given  under  the  genus  or  the  family  to  which 
the  species  belongs  are  not  usually  repeated. 

NOTE  3. — Signs  used  :  A  grave  accent  (^)  over  a  vowel 
indicates  that  it  is  accented  and  long.  An  acute  accent 
(/)  over  a  vowel  indicates  that  it  is  accented  and  short. 

NOTE  4. — Names  enclosed  in  brackets  indicate  that  the 
vine  is  not  native. 


xvii 


GUIDE    I, 

FLOWERS. 


?) /.   Petal          Anther    .. 


Fig.  a.  Fig.  b. 

SERIES  A.  —  Vines  producing  real  flowers  and  seeds 
(Phsenogamous  plants). 

CLASS  FIRST. — Flowers,  with  the  parts  never  in  threes 
(usually  in  fours  or  fives).  Leaves  netted-veined 
(Exogens). 

DIVISION  I.     Sepals  and  petals  both  present,  the  latter  not  united  into 

one  piece  (Poiypetalous). 
A.     Stamens,  numerous,  at  least  more  than  ten.    Sepals  not  attached 

to  the  seed-case  or  cases. 

(a)     Seed-cases,  numerous,  separate,  concealed  in  an  urn-shaped 
or    cup-shaped  receptacle.      The    Rose  in  Rose  Fam. 
No.  8  (Rosacese),  page  74. 
(a)     Seed-cases,  more  than  one,  separate,  not  enclosed  in  the 

receptacle. 

(t>)  Stamens  inserted  on  the  edge  of  a  disk  that  lines  the  tube 
of  the  calyx.  Flowers  perfect.  Rose  Fam.  No.  8 
(Rosaceae),  page  68. 


xx  Guide. 

(b]  Stamens  inserted  on  the  receptacle.  Flowers  dioecious, 
(i.  e.,  staminate  and  pistillate  forms  on  separate  plants). 
Moonseed  Fam.  No.  2  (Menispermaceae),  page  8. 

B.  Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  petals. and  opposite  them. 

Vine  Fam   No.  5  (Vitacese),  page  16. 

C.  Stamens  not  more  than  twice  as  many  as  the  petals  ;  when  of  the 

same  number,  alternate  with  them. 

1.  Sepals  not  attached  to  the  seed-case  (/'.  <?.,  the  seed-case  free). 
(a)     Seed-case  with  one  cell. 

(£)     Seed,   one  ;    flowers    regular,    greenish.     Sumach    Fam, 

No.  6  (Anacardiaceae),  page  34. 
(b)     Seed,  one  ;  flowers  irregular,  purplish.   Lespedeza  in  Pulse 

Fam.  No.  7  (Leguminosae),  page  40. 
(b)     Seeds,  two  to  many,  attached  in  one  row  along  the  side 

of   the    cell  ;    flowers    irregular.     Pulse  Fam.  No.    7 

(Leguminosae),  page  36. 
(b}     Seeds  many,  not  attached  in  one  row  along  the  side  of 

the  cell  ;  flowers  regular.     Passion  Flower  Fam.  No. 

9  (Passifloraceoe),  page  76. 

(a}     Seed-case  with  more  than  one  cell.     Staff -Tree  Fam.  No. 
4  (Celastraceae)  page  14. 

2.  Sepals  attached  to  the  seed-case  (i.e.,  the  seed-case  not  free). 
(a)     Tendrils    present.      Gourd  Fam.  No.   10  (Cucurbitciceae), 

page  78. 

(a)     Tendrils  lacking.      Staff-Tree  Fam.  No.  4  (Celastraceae)r 
page  14. 

DIVISION  II.     Sepals  and  petals  both  present,  the  latter  more  or  less 
united  into  one  piece  (Gamopetalous). 

A.  Stamens  more  numerous  than  the  united  petals.    Fumitory  Fam. 

No.  3  (Fumariacea;)  page  12. 

B.  Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  united  petals  and  opposite 

them.     Primrose  Fam.     No.  16  (Primulaceae),  page  122. 

C.  Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  united  petals  and  alternate 

with  them,  or  fewer. 
i.     Sepals  attached  to  the  seed-case. 

(a)     Tendrils  present.     Gourd  Family  No.  10   (Cucurbitaceae),, 

page  78. 
(a)     Tendrils  lacking. 

(6)     Stamens  with  anthers  united  around  the  style.  Composite 

Fam.  No.  13  (Compositae),  page  102. 
(b)     Stamens  with  anthers  not  united. 


Flowers.  xxi 

(c]     Petals,  four,  united.     Madder  Fam.  No.  12  (Rubiaceae/ 

page  96. 
(c)     Petals,  five,  united.    Honeysuckle  Fam.  No.  n  (Capri 

foliacese),  page  87. 

2.     Sepals  not  attached  to  the  seed-case, 
(a)     Corolla  irregular. 

(b}     Prostrate  ;  flowers  blue.     Gill-over-the-Ground  in   Mint 

Fam.  No.  21  (Labiate),  page  152. 
(b)     Climbing  ;  flowers  scarlet.     Trumpet-Creeper  in  Bignonia 

Fam.  No.  20  (Bignoniaceae),  page  151. 
(a)     Corolla  regular. 

(b)     Stamens  of  the  same  number  as  the  united  petals. 

(c)     Seed-cases,     two  ;    separate.      Milkweed     Fain.    No. 

17  (Asclepiadaceae),  page  124. 
(<:)     Seed-case  one. 

(a)     Stamens  free  from  the  corolla,  but  inserted  with  its 

base.     Heath  Fam.  No.  14  (Ericaceae),  page  106. 

(d}     Stamens  adherent  by  their  sides  to  the  tube  of  the 

corolla.  Pyxie  Fam.  No.  15  (Diapensiaceae),  page 

121. 

(d]     Stamens  adherent  by  their  bases  to  the  tube  of  the 

corolla. 
(e)     Seeds  few,  one  or  two  in  each  cell.     Morning-Glory 

Fam.  No.  18  (Convolvulaceae),  page  127. 
(e)     Seeds,    many.     Nightshade    Fam.   No.    19    (So- 
lanaceae),  page  146. 

DIVISION  III.     Petals  wanting  (Apetalous). 

(a)     Seed-case,  one,  attached  to  the  sepals.     Pipe-Vine  in  Birth- 
wort  Fam.     No.  23  (Aristolochiaceae),  page  163. 
(a)     Seed-case,  one,  free  from  the  sepals. 

(b}     Leaves   alterriate.       Buckwheat    Fam.    No.    22    (Poly- 

gonaceas),  page  157. 
(b)     Leaves  opposite.      Hop  in  Nettle  Fam.  No.  24   (Urti- 

caceae),  page  164. 

(a)     Seed-cases,  numerous,  with  single  seeds  (achenes).    Clematis 
in  Crowfoot  Fam.     No.  i  (Ranunculaceae),  page  4. 

CLASS  SECOND. — Flowers,  with  the  sepals  and  the  petals 
never  in  fives — usually  in  threes.  Leaves  strongly 
veined  from  base  to  apex,  the  veins  more  or  less 


XX11 


Guide. 

nearly  parallel   (Endogens). 
No.   25  (Liliaceae)   173 


Smilax  in   Lily  Fam. 


SERIES  B. — Vines  producing  in  place  of  real  flowers  and 
seeds,  yellow  dust-like  spores  in  minute  spore-cases 
(Cryptogamous  plants). 

(a)  Spore-cases  borne  on  the  back  of  the  leaf.  Climbing  Fern 
in  Fern  Fam.  No.  26  (Filices),  page  186. 

(a)  Spore-cases  in  spikes  solitary  at  the  base  of  the  small,  ever- 
green leaves,  low  moss-like  plants.  Lycopodium  in 
Club-Moss  Fam.  No.  27  (Lycopodiaceas),  page  186. 


GUIDE   II. 

LEAVES. 

A.  Leaves  simple.* 

I.  Alternate. 

(a)     Edge  entire.     Go  to  i. 
(a)        "      toothed.     Go  to  2. 
(a)        "      lobed. 

(6)     Lobes  entire.     Go  to  3. 

(£)         "       toothed.     Go  to  4. 

II.  Opposite. 

(<i)     Edge  entire.     Go  to  5. 
(a)        "      toothed.     Go  to  6. 
(a)        "      lobed. 

(b}     Lobes  entire.     Go  to  7. 

(6)         "       toothed.     Go  to  8. 

III.  Indeterminate  (because  of  smallness  or  closeness).     Go  to  9. 

B.  Leaves  compound. 
(a)     Alternate. 

(t>)     Edge  of  leaflets  entire.     Go  to.  10. 
(b)        "  "       toothed  or  lobed.     Go  to  u. 

(a]     Opposite. 

(b}     Edge  of  leaflets  entire.     Go  to  12. 

(b}        "  "       toothed  or  lobed.     Go  to  13. 

C.  Leaves  lacking  or  represented  by  minute  and  remote  scales.     Go 

to  14. 

*The  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  can  be  distinguished  from  a  simple  leaf  by  the 
absence  of  leaf-buds  from  the  base  of  their  stems. 


Guide. 


GUIDE  II. 

LE  A  v  ES —  Continued. 

NOTE. — Names  in  italics  are  also  given  elsewhere  in  roman  type  under  the  more 
frequent  form. 


Grapes  (Vitis),  climbing  with  ten- 
drils, page  20. 

Smilax  (Smilax),  climbing  with 
tendrils,  page  171. 

Moonseed  (Menispermum),  climb- 
ing without  tendrils,  page  8. 

Woody  Nightshade  (Solanum), 
climbing  without  tendrils,  page 
146. 

Pipe- Vine  (Aristolochia),  climb- 
ing without  tendrils,  page  163. 

Climbing  Fern  (Lygodium),  climb- 
ing without  tendrils,  page  183. 

Convolvulus  Fam.  (Convolvu- 
laceae),  climbing  without  ten- 
drils, or  prostrate,  page  127. 

Knot-Weeds  (Polygonum),  climb- 
ing without  tendrils,  or  pros- 
trate, page  157. 

Heath  Fam.  (Ericaceae),  pros- 
trate, page  1 06. 

Pyxie  (Pyxidanthera),  prostrate, 
page  121. 

Matrimony  Vine  (Lycium), 
branches  trailing,  stem  erect, 
page  148. 


False    Violet    (Dalibarda),    pros- 
trate, page  72. 


Grapes  (Vitis),  climbing  with  ten- 
drils, page  70. 

Passion-Flower  (Passiflbra),  climb- 
ing with  tendrils,  page  76. 

Smilax  (Smilax),  climbing  with 
tendrils,  page  171. 

Moonseed  (Menispermum),  climb- 
ing without  tendrils,  page  8. 

Woody  Nightshade  (Solanum), 
climbing  without  tendrils,  or 
prostrate,  page  146. 

Convolvulus  Fam\  Con  volvulaceas), 
climbing  without  tendrils,  or 
prostrate,  page  127. 


Grapes  (Vitis),  climbing  with  ten- 
drils, page  20. 

Gourd  Fam.(Cucurbitaceae), climb- 
ing with  tendrils,  page  78. 

Hedge  Bindweed  (Convolvulus), 
climbing  without  tendrils,  or 
prostrate,  page  136. 


Grapes  (Vitis),  climbing  with  ten- 
drils, page  20. 

Smilax  (Smilax),  climbing  with 
tendrils,  page  171. 

Bitter- Sweet  (Celastrus),  climb- 
ing without  tendrils,  page  14. 


Honeysuckle  Fam.  (Capri- 
foliaceas),  without  tendrils, 
twining,  page  87. 

Bedstraw  (Galium),  without  ten- 
drils, climbing  by  prickles,  page 


L 


eaves. 


XXV 


Climbing  Hemp-Weed  (Mikania), 
climbing  without  tendrils,  page 
102. 

Milkweeds  (Asclepiadaceae), 

climbing  without  tendrils,  or 
prostrate,  page  124. 

Twin  Flower  (Linnsea),  prostrate 
and  rooting,  page  87. 

Partridge-Berry  (Mitchella),  pros- 
trate, page  96. 

Moneywort  (Lysimachia),  pros- 
trate, page  122. 


Climbing   Hemp- Weed  (Mikania), 

climbing  without  tendrils,  page 

102. 
Trailing  Strawberry-Bush  (Euony- 

mus),  drooping  or  trailing,  and 

rooting,  page  16. 
Twin-Flower   (Linnsea),  prostrate 

and  rooting,  page  87. 
Gill-over-the-Ground       (Nepeta), 

prostrate,  page  152. 


Club-Mosses  (Lycopbdium),  page 
1 86. 


Ground-Nuts  (Apios),  twining,. 
no  tendrils,  page  54. 

Butterfly-Pea  (Clitoria),  climbing 
without  tendrils,  page  46. 

Hog-Peanuts  (Amphicarptea), 
climbing  without  tendrils,  page 
48. 

Kidney-Beans  (Phaseolus),  twin- 
ing or  prostrate,  no  tendrils, 
page  40. 

Milk-Peas  (Galactia),  twining, 
leaning,  or  prostrate,  no  tendrils, 
page  52. 

Bush-Trefoils  (Desmodium),  pros- 
trate, no  tendrils,  page  38. 

Bush-Clover  (Lespedeza),  pros- 
trate, no  tendrils,  page  40. 


Mountain-Fringe  (Adlumia), 

climbing  by  its  leaf-stems,  page 

12. 

Virginia  Creeper  (Ampelopsis), 
climbing  by  tendrils  with  sucker- 
like  tips,  page  30. 

Poison-Ivy  (Rhfus),  climbing  by 
rootlets,  page  34. 

Climbing  Rose  (Rosa),  climbing, 
without  tendrils,  page  68. 

Dwarf  Raspberries  and  Black- 
berries (Rubus),  prostrate,  page 
69. 

Cinquefoil  (Potentilla),  prostrate, 
page  72. 


Poison-Ivy  (Rhus),  climbing  with 
rootlets,  page  34. 

Vetches  and  Vetchlings  (Viciaand 
Lathyrus),  climbing  with  ten- 
drils at  the  end  of  the  leaves, 
pages  56,  62. 


Leather- Flower  (Clematis),  climb- 
ing by  the  interlocking  of  leaf- 
and  leaflet-stems,  page  6. 

Whorled  Clematis  (Clematis), 
climbing  by  the  interlocking  of 
leaf-  and  leaflet-stems,  page  6. 


Guide. 


Virgin's-Bower  (Clematis),  climb- 
ing by  the  interlocking  of  leaf- 
and  leaflet-stems,  page  4. 

Leather- Flower  (Clematis),  climb- 
ing by  the  interlocking  of  leaf- 
and  leaflet-stems,  page  6. 


Whorled  Clematis  (Clematis), 
climbing  by  the  interlocking  of 
leaf-  and  leaflet-stems,  page  6. 

Trumpet-Creeper  (Tecoma), 

climbing  by  rootlets,  page  151. 


Dodder  (Ciiscuta),  page  139. 


GUIDE    III. 


FRUIT. 

CLASS  I. — Fruit  releasing  the   ripened  stone  or  seed  by 
decaying  : 

A.  Fleshy  or  pulpy. 

(a]  With  one  stone,  or  with  several  firmly  united  into  one  (e.  g., 

Moonseed).     A  drupe.     Go  to  i). 

(a)  With  two  or  more  seeds — or  in  Bur-Cucumber,   and  some- 
times in  Smilax,  with  one. 
(H)  Fruit  simple,  not  an  aggregation. 

(c)  With   a  hard  rind,  melon-like  (e.  g.,  Bur-Cucumber). 

A  pepo.     Go  to  2. 
(c)  Without  a  hard  rind  (e.  g.,   Grape,  Wintergreen).     A 

berry.     Go  to  3. 

(<5)  Fruit  compound,  an  aggregation  of  one-seeded  drupelets 
(e.  g.,  Blackberry).     An  ataesio.     Go  to  4. 

B.  Dry.     A  thin-coated  seed,  or  aggregation  of  such  seeds  (e.  g.f 

Cinquefoil).     Achenes,  or  nutlets.     Go  to  5. 

CLASS  II. — Fruit  releasing  the  ripened  seeds  by  splitting: 

(a)  Pod,  splitting  along  one  side,  one-celled,  with  many  crowded, 
silky  seeds  (e.  g.,  Milkweeds).  A  follicle.  Go  to  6. 

(a]  Pod,  splitting  along  two  sides,  one-celled,  with  one  seed,  or 
with  many  attached  along  one  of  the  seams  (e.  g.,  Pea). 
A  legume.  Go  to  7. 

(a)  Pod,  jointed,  splitting  across  at  the  joints,  each  section  with 
one  seed  (e.g.,  Bush-Trefoils).  Go  to  8. 

(a)  Any  form  of  fruit  that  splits  up  and  down  and  is  not  other- 
wise named  (e.  g.,  Morning-Glory).  A  capsule.  Go 
to  9. 

xxvii 


XXVI 11 


G^l^de. 


CLASS    III. — Fruit,  minute    cases    filled    with    dust-like 
spores : 

(a)  Fruit  on    the  back  of  the  leaf,  or  frond  (e.  g.,  Climbing- 
Fern).     Go  to  10. 
(a)  Fruit  in  spikes  (e.g.,  Club-Mosses).     Go  to  u. 

NOTE. — Names  in  italics  are  also  given  elsewhere  in  roman  type  under  the  more 
frequent  form. 


Moonseed  (Menispermum),  twin- 
ing, page  8. 

Poison-Ivy  (Rhus),  climbing  by 
rootlets,  page  34. 

Bearberry  (Arctostaphylos),  pros- 
trate, page  112. 


One-seeded  Bur-Cucumber  (Sic- 
yos),  one  seed,  page  78. 

Wild  Balsam-Apple  (Micram- 
pelis),  four  seeds,  page  81. 


Grapes  (Vitis),  tendrils  forked,  ex- 
cepting in  Southern  Fox-Grape, 
page  20. 

Virginia  Creeper  (Ampelopsis), 
tendrils,  adhering  by  disk-like 
tips,  page  30. 

Passion-Flower  (Passiflora),  ten- 
drils, simple,  page  76. 

Smilax  (Smilax),  tendrils,  in  pairs 
on  the  leaf-stem,  page  171. 

Woody  Nightshade  (Solanum), 
many-seeded,  without  tendrils, 
climbing,  page  146. 

Honeysuckle  (Lonicera),  several- 
seeded,  leaves  opposite,  with- 
out tendrils,  climbing,  page  88. 


Bitter-sweet  (Celastrus),  three-  to 
six-seeded,  leaves  alternate, 
without  tendrils,  climbing, 
page  14. 

Partridge-Berry  (Mitchella),  berry, 
red,  eight-seeded ;  prostrate, 
page  96. 

Creeping-Wintergreen  (G  a  u  1- 
theria),  berry,  red,  many-seeded; 
prostrate,  page  118. 

Bearberry  (Arctostdphylos],  berry, 
red,  five  united  nutlets  ;  pros- 
trate, page  1 12. 

Cranberries  (Vaccinium),  berry, 
reddish,  many-seeded  ;  pros- 
trate, page  106. 

Creeping  Snowberry  (Chiogenes), 
berry,  white,  many-seeded;  pros- 
trate, page  no. 

Matrimony  Vine  (Lycium), 
branches  trailing,  stem  erect, 
page  148. 

4 
Dwarf  Raspberry  and  Blackberries 

(Rubus),  page  69. 
False  Violet   (Dalibarda),  nearly 
.     dry,  page  72. 

5 

Clematis  (Clematis),  achenes 
numerous,  each  with  plume-like 
tail,  page  3. 


Fruit. 


XXIX 


Cinquefoil    (Potentilla),    achenes 

numerous,  smooth,  page  72. 
Climbing    Rose    (Rosa),  achenes 

numerous,  enclosed  in  a  globu- 
lar case,  page  68. 
Climbing  Hemp-Weed  (Mikania), 

achenes,  four,  each  five-angled, 

page  102. 
Gill-over-the-Ground      (Nepeta), 

achenes  four,  slightly  cohering, 

page  152. 
Bedstraws    (Galium),    achenes  or 

nutlets  two  ;    slightly  cohering, 

page  98. 
Knotweeds   (Polygonum),  achene 

one,  flattened  or    three-angled, 

page  157- 
Hop     (Humulus),     achene     one, 

covered  by  the  thin  calyx  and 

yellow-dotted,      with      resinous 

grains,  page   164. 
False  Violet  (Dalibarda},    achene- 

like  drupelets,  five  to  ten,  page 

72. 


Milkweeds 
page  124. 


(Asclepiadaceae), 


Bush-Clover  (Lespedeza),  seeds 
one,  page  40. 

Vetches  and  Vetchlings  (Vicia  and 
Lathyrus),  seeds,  two  to  several; 
tendrils  at  the  ends  of  the  com- 
pound leaves,  pages  56,  62. 

Butterfly-Pea  (Clitoria),  seeds, 
three  to  four  ;  pod,  knotty  and 
somewhat  flattened,  page  46. 

Hog-Peanuts(Amphicarpaea),  pods 
of  two  kinds  :  the  upper,  three- 


to  four-seeded  ;  the  lower  (most- 
ly underground),  usually  one- 

•  seeded,  page  48. 

Milk-Peas  (Galactia),  seeds,  four 
to  ten  ;  pod,  downy,  becom- 
ing smoothish,  or  very  hairy  ; 
slender  and  flat,  page  52. 

Kidney-Bean  (Phaseolus),  seeds, 
four  to  ten,  kidney-shape,  ob- 
long with  blunt  ends,  or  four- 
sided,  flattened,  page  40. 

Ground-nut  (Apios),  seeds,  many, 
black  ;  pod,  nearly  cylindrical, 
page  54. 


Bush-Trefoils  (Desmodium),  page 
38. 


Mountain  Fringe  (Adi  umia),  one- 
celled  ;  seeds,  four  to  eight, 
page  12. 

Moneywort  (Nummularia),  one- 
celled  ;  seeds,  few,  page  122 

Convolvulus  Family  (Convolvu- 
lace.e),  one-  t>  four-celled; 
seeds,  two  to  six,  page  127. 

Trumpet-Creeper  (Tecoma),  two- 
celled  ;  seeds,  very  many,  page 

'51- 

Wild  Balsam- Apple  ( Micrdmpclis], 
two-celled ;  seeds,  four,  page 
8.. 

Twin-Flower  (Linncta),  three- 
celled  (two  abortive)  ;  seeds, 
one,  page  87. 

Bitter-Sweet  (Celastrus),  three- 
celled,  scarlet  lining  ;  seeds, 
three  to  six,  page  14. 


Pyxie(Pyxidanthera),  three-celled; 

seeds,  many,  page  121. 
Trailing  Strawberry-Bush  (Euony- 

mus),  five-celled,  scarlet  lining  ; 

seeds,  few,  page  16. 
Trailing  Arbutus   (Epigsea),  five- 

celled  ;  seeds,  many,  page  113. 


Pipe-  Vine      (Aristolochia),      six- 
celled  ;  seeds,  many,  page  163. 

I0 
Climbing-Fern  (Lygodium),  page 


Lycopodiums,  page  187. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  VINES 

(WITH    ILLUSTRATIONS) 


CLASS   FIRST 

EXOGENOUS   PLANTS  (LEAVES    USUALLY  NETTED 
VEINED) 


DIVISION  I 

CALYX  AND  COROLLA  USUALLY  BOTH  PRESENT,  THE  LATTER  OF 
SEPARATE ' PETALS 

(POLYPETALOUS) 


No.  i.— Family  RANUNCULACE^.   (Crowfoot  Fam.) 
Genus  CLEMATIS,  L. 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  a  vine  or  tendril. 

Flowers,  rather  large,  excepting  in  No.  I  (Virgin's-Bower). 
Petals,  none.  Sepals,  four,  colored  like  petals. 
Stamens,  very  many,  distinct,  shorter  than  the  sepals ; 
attached  beneath  the  seed-cases.  Seed-cases,  many  in 
a  head.  Young  seeds,  one  in  each  case. 

Leaves,  compound,  or  in  Leather-Flower  (C.  Viorna},  the 
upper  ones  sometimes  simple  ;  opposite,  without 
stipules. 

Fruit,  ornamental  and  unique,  a  head  of  single  seeds,  each 
seed  tipped  with  the  greatly  lengthened  feathery  or 
hairy  style.  Clustered  achenes. 

Woody,  climbing  vines  (herbaceous  in  Leather-Flower, 
C.  Viorna),  supported  by  the  twisting  and  interlocking  of 
their  leaf-  and  leaflet-stems.  The  juice  is  acrid.  There  is 
but  one  clematis  native  to  England — the  Traveller's  Joy 
(C.  vitdlbd). 

Sometimes  the  movements  of  climbing  plants  are  due 
to  light,  but  in  the  clematis  the  curious  interlocking  of 
the  stems  is  probably  caused  by  the  irritability  of  the 


4  Crowfoot  ( Rammculacece ) .       [No.  i 

parts  as  they  touch.      After  a  time  they  become  stiff  and 
thick. 


"These  plants  have  no  use  in  Phisicke  as  yet  found 
out,  but  are  esteemed  onely  for  pleasure,  by  reason  of  the 
goodly  shadowe  which  they  make  with  their  thick  bushing 
&  clyming,  as  also  for  the  beauty  of  the  flowers,  &  the 
pleasant  sent  or  savour  of  the  same." — GERARD'S  HERBALL, 
London,  1597. 


Fig.  i. — (i)  Virgin's-Bower.     Clematis.     C.  Virginiana,  L. 

Flowers,  half  to  three  quarters  inch  across,  whitish,  in 
loose-stemmed  clusters  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves. 
Petals,  lacking.  Sepals,  about  one  half  inch  long, 
thin,  spreading,  blunt,  reverse  egg-shape.  Stamens, 
twenty-eight  to  thirty-six.  Anthers,  short  and  blunt. 
Staminate  and  pistillate  forms  on  different  plants. 
July,  August. 

Leaves,  compound  ;  opposite  ;  stems  two  to  three  inches 
long,  or  more. 

Leaflets,  three,  edges  toothed  and  sometimes  lobed, 
smooth,  two  to  three  inches  in  length,  egg-shape. 
Apex,  pointed.  Base,  usually  somewhat  heart-shape. 

Fruit,  furnished  with  long  plumes  in  showy,  downy  tufts. 

Found,  common  from  Canada  to  Georgia  and  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  climbing  vigorously  over  bushes  and 
along  walls  and  fences. 

A  woody,  hardy  vine,  with  stems  from  eight  to  fifteen 
feet  in  length.     The  plant  is  very  ornamental,  especially 


Fig.  i. — Virgin's-Bower.     (C.  Virginiana,  L.) 
a.  Leaf.     b.   Part  of  staminate  flower-cluster. 


6  Crowfoot  ( Ranunc^llacece ) .       [No.  r 

so  in  the  fall  by  reason  of  its  tufted  fruit.  It  climbs  by 
help  of  its  twining  and  interlocking  leaf-  and  leaflet-stems. 
It  is  one  of  the  commonest  vines  for  home  cultivation,  and 
one  of  the  best. 


Fig.  2.— (2)  Leather-Flower.     C.  Vidrna,  L. 

Flowers,  large,  solitary,  dark  purple,  on  long  stems. 
Petals,  lacking.  Sepals,  one  inch  long,  very  thick 
and  leathery,  cohering  throughout  or  with  the  tips 
separated  and  turned  back,  long  egg-shape,  pointed. 
Stamens,  many.  Anthers,  line-like.  May  to  August. 

Leaves,  oftenest  compound,  the  upper  ones  sometimes 
simple  and  nearly  stemless. 

Leaflets,  three  to  seven  ;  two-  to  three-lobed  or  entire  ; 
smooth  or  nearly  so ;  egg-shape  or  oblong.  Base, 
sometimes  slightly  heart-shape. 

Fruit,  with  plume-like  tails  one  and  one  half  inches  in 
length. 

Found,  in  rich  soil,  oftenest  in  woods,  from  Pennsylvania 
and  Ohio  to  Georgia. 

A   climbing,   herbaceous  vine,   with   the   stem   slightly 
ridged  and  grooved,  from  ten  to  fifteen  feet  in  length. 


Fig.  3-— (3)  Whorled  Clematis.     C.  VertidMris,  D.  C.;  Atrdgene 
A  mericanus,  Sims. 

Flowers,  two  to  three  inches  across,  solitary,  one  from 
each  pair  of  leaves,  bluish-purple.  Petals,  lacking. 
Sepals,  one  and  one  quarter  inches  in  length,  thin, 


Fig.  2.— Leather-Flower.    (C.  Vidrna,  L.) 

a.   Leaf  and  flower,     b.   Fruit. 


8  Moonseed  (Menispermacece).     [No.  2 

widely  spreading,  not  cohering,  pointed,  oblong  to 
egg-shape.  Stamens,  about  twenty-four,  the  outer 
ones  widening,  like  imperfect  petals,  and  tipped  with 
imperfect  anthers.  Flower-stems  and  leaf-stems 
about  equal  in  length.  May. 

Leaves,  compound,  opposite,  often  in  pairs  (giving  the 
effect  of  a  whorl  of  four  leaves — whence  the  name), 
on  slender  stems. 

Leaflets,  three,  one  to  two  inches  in  length,  egg-shape  to 
slightly  heart-shape,  nearly  smooth.  Edge,  entire  or 
sparingly  toothed  or  lobed.  Apex,  pointed. 

Fruit,  with  long  plume-like  tails. 

Found,  in  woods  and  rocky  places  from  Virginia  north- 
ward. Rare. 

A  handsome,  woody-stemmed  vine   climbing  by  means 
of  its  twisting  leaf-stems  to  a  height  of  fifteen  feet. 


No.2.— Family  MENISPERMACECE. (Moonseed  Fam.) 
Genus  MENISPERMUM,  L. 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  moon  "  and  "  seed,"  because  of  the  crescent  form  of 
the  seed. 

Fig.  4. — Moonseed.     M.  Canade'nse,  L. 

Flowers,  small,  white,  in  loose  clusters  from  the  sides  of 
the  branches.  Cluster-stem  at  the  base  of  the  leaf- 
stem,  not,  as  in  the  grape-vine,  opposite  to  it.  Petals, 
small,  six  to  eight,  not  united.  Sepals,  four  to 
eight.  Petals  and  sepals  similar  and  in  three  or  more 


Fig.  3.— Whorled  Clematis.    (C.  Verticillaris,  D.  C.) 

9     a.  Blossom  and  young  leaves,     b.  Last  year's  leaf-stem  with  coiled  leaflet-stems. 


io  Moonseed  ( Menispermacecz).     [NO.  2 

rows.  Staminate  and  pistillate  flowers  on  separate 
plants.  Stamens,  twelve  to  twenty-four,  slender,  as 
long  as  the  sepals.  Anthers,  four-celled.  Seed-cases 
two  to  four,  free,  and  raised  on  a  short  common 
receptacle.  Seeds,  one  to  three  in  each  cell,  crescent- 
shaped  and  flattened.  June,  July. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  three-  to  seven-  (usually  five-) 
angled  or  lobed,  edges  entire  ;  four  to  five  inches  in 
diameter,  heart-shape,  smooth  or  nearly  so  ;  the  leaf- 
stem  usually  attached  within  the  edge.  No  stipules. 
Leaf-stem,  three  to  five  inches  in  length. 

Fruit,  about  one  third  inch  in  diameter,  black,  globular, 
fleshy,  resembling  a  small  grape.  Stone,  curved,  flat- 
tened, grooved.  A  one-seeded  drupe.  September. 

Found,  from  Canada  to  the  Carolinas,  and  westward  to 
the  Mississippi  River,  oftenest  along  streams.  Com- 
mon. 

A  woody,  twining  vine,  eight  to  twelve  feet  in  length. 
Its  root  is  used  medicinally  as  a  tonic.  It  might  easily 
be  mistaken  at  first  sight  for  a  grape-vine — until  the  po- 
sition of  the  fruit-  and  flower-clusters  is  noticed,  in  the 
axil  of  the  leaves  instead  of  opposite  them. 


\ 


ii  Fig.  4.— Moonseed.    (M.  Canad6nse,  L.) 


12  Fumitory  (Fumariacecz).        [No.  3 

No.  3.— Family  FUMARlACE^.      (Fumitory  Fam.) 
Genus  ADLUMIA,  Raf. 

From  the  name  of  John  Adlum,  a  cultivator  of  the  vine  in  Washington,  D.  C. 

Fig.   5. — Mountain-Fringe.     Climbing  Fumitory.     A.  fungbsa 
(Ait.),  Green.     A.  cirrhbsa,  Raf. 

Flowers,  white  or  purplish,  drooping,  irregular,  very  numer- 
ous, in  clusters.  Petals,  four,  united  in  two  pairs,  the 
outer  pair  with  spreading  tips,  the  inner  pair  with  the 
tips  crested  and  joining  over  the  stigma.  Corolla, 
flattened,  egg-shape,  two-lipped  at  the  summit,  at 
the  base  somewhat  heart-shaped.  Sepals,  two, 
minute,  scale-like.  Stamens,  six,  the  lower  parts  of 
the  filaments  united  into  a  tube  which  is  joined  to 
the  corolla,  the  upper  parts  arranged  in  two  sets. 
Style,  slender.  Stigma,  two-crested.  Seed-case,  small, 
free,  one-celled,  four-  to  eight-seeded.  June,  Oc- 
tober. 

Leaves,  twice  compound,  dividing  in  threes,  alternate, 
without  stipules.  Leaflets,  delicate,  smooth,  with 
their  edges  two-  to  three-lobed. 

Fruit,  oblong,  four-  to  eight-seeded.  Seeds,  shining, 
kidney-shape.  A  capsule. 

Found,  in  damp  woods  and  over  rocky  hills  from  Canada 
to  North  Carolina,  and  westward.  Often  cultivated 
for  ornament. 

A  delicate  herbaceous  vine,  with  watery  and  slightly 
bitter  juice;  a  biennial,  eight  to  fifteen  feet  in  length; 
climbing  extensively  by  help  of  its  slender,  tendril-like 
leaf-stems. 


Fig.  5.— Mountain-Fringe.     A.  fungdsa  (Ait.),  Green. 


14  Staff-Tree  (Celastracece).      [No.  4 

No.  4.— Family  CELASTRACE^.     (Staff-Tree  Earn.) 

(i)  Genus  CELASTRUS,  L. 
Fig.  6.— Bitter-Sweet.  Wax- Work.  Staff-Tree.  C.scdndens,  L. 

Flowers,  small,  greenish,  regular  ;  in  clusters  at  the  ends 
of  the  branchlets ;  the  staminate  and  the  pistillate 
forms  often  on  separate  plants.  Petals,  five,  distinct, 
spreading,  inserted  with  the  alternating  stamens  on 
the  edge  of  the  disk  that  lines  the  base  of  the  calyx. 
Sepals,  five,  united,  forming  a  cup-shaped  calyx.  Sta- 
mens, five.  Style,  thick.  Seed-case,  free,  three-celled, 
three-  to  six-seeded.  June. 

.Leaves,  two  to  three  and  a  half  inches  in  length,  simple, 
alternate,  slightly  fine-toothed,  smooth,  from  egg- 
shape  and  oblong  to  reverse  egg-shape.  Apex, 
pointed.  Base,  pointed  or  sometimes  rounded. 
Stipules,  minute  and  soon  falling. 

Fruit,  about  one  third  inch  in  diameter,  round,  orange- 
color,  three-celled,  three-  to  six-seeded  ;  opening  when 
ripe,  and  showing  within  a  rich  scarlet  cover  of  the 
seeds.  $eeds,  oblong,  reddish-brown,  one  or  two  in 
each  cell.  A  berry-like  capsule.  September. 

Found,  oftenest  along  streams  and  over  old  walls  and 
thickets,  from  North  Carolina  northward. 

A  strong  woody  climber,  twining  upon  itself  in  coils 
and  snarls,  over  fences  and  walls  and  bushes  to  great  dis- 
tances. Very  showy  in  autumn  and  winter  by  reason  of 
its  brilliant  orange  and  scarlet  fruit. 


This  is  one  of  the  best  of  vines  for  decoration.  In 
country  homes  it  is  in  great  demand,  especially  at  the 
Christmas  time. 


Fig.  6.— Bitter-Sweet.      (C.  scdndens,  L.) 
Fig.  7.— Trailing  Strawberry-Bush.    (E.  obovatus,  Nutt.) 


1 6  Staff-  Tree  (  Celastracece) .         [No.  4 

(2)  Genus  EUONYMUS,  Tourn. 
Fig.  7. — Trailing  Strawberry- Bush.    E.  obovatus,  Nutt. 

Flowers,  flat,  regular,  about  three  blossoms  on  one  long 
stem  springing  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Petals, 
four  or  five  (usually  five),  distinct,  rounded.  Sepals, 
four  or  five,  united.  Stamens,  alternate  with  the 
petals  and  inserted  with  them  on  a  disk  which  lines 
the  base  of  the  calyx  and  sometimes  covers  the  seed- 
case.  Filaments,  short.  Seed-case,  three-  to  five- 
celled,  not  adhering  directly  to  the  calyx,  but  more 
or  less  to  the  disk. 

Leaves,  about  two  inches  in  length,  simple,  opposite, 
toothed,  reverse  egg-shape  to  oblong.  Apex,  blunt 
or  pointed.  Base,  pointed. 

Branchlcts,  four-sided. 

Fruit,  five-lobed,  splitting  when  ripe  and  showing  within 
the  scarlet  cover  of  the  seeds.  Seeds,  few.  A 
capsule. 

Found,  in  low,  damp  ground  from  New  York,  west  and 
south. 

A  trailing  or  drooping  woody  vine  rooting  at  the  joints. 

No.  5.— Family  VITACE^.     (Vine  Fam.) 

Flowers,  greenish,  small,  regular,  in  clusters  opposite  the 
leaves  ;  pistillate  and  staminate  forms  often  separate. 
Petals,  four  or  five,  distinct  or  cohering  at  the  top, 
soon  falling.  Calyx,  minute.  Stamens,  as  many  as 
the  petals  and  opposite  them,  inserted  on  a  disk 
which  surrounds  the  seed-case.  Filaments,  slender, 
Seed-case,  free,  two-celled,  usually  four-seeded.  Style, 
short  or  none.  Stigma,  slightly  two-lobed. 


NO.  s]  Vine  ( Vitacece).  17 

Leaves,  simple  in  the  genus  Vitis  (Grape),  compound  in 
the  genus  Ampelopsis  (Virginia  Creeper)  ;  alternate, 
the  lower  ones  often  opposite  ;  edge  various. 

Fruit,  one-  or  two-celled,  usually  four-seeded.  Seeds, 
bony.  A  berry. 

Woody  vines,   with  watery  juice  and  swollen  joints  ; 
climbing  by  tendrils  ;   the  foliage  and  young  shoots  acid. 


GUIDE  TO  GENERA. 
Leaves  simple — (i)  Vitis  (Grape). 
Leaves  compound — (2)  Ampelopsis  (Virginia  Creeper). 

(i)  Genus  VITIS,  Tourn.     (Grape.) 

Flowers,  in  compound  clusters,  very  fragrant.  Petals, 
separating  only  at  their  base.  The  disk  at  the  base 
of  the  seed-case  set  with  five  honey-glands  alternating 
with  the  stamens. 

Leaves,  simple,  rounded  and  heart-shaped.  Edge,  entire  or 
variously  lobed  or  toothed.  Tendrils,  forked. 

Bark,  loose  and  shredded  (except  in  Southern  Fox-Grape, 
V.  rotundifolia,  MX.). 

Fruit,  pulpy. 

Stems,  climbing  by  help  of  slender  and  naked-tipped  coil- 
ing tendrils. 

"  The  wilde  Vine  with  her  branches  few  &  clusters  thinne 
Adorns  our  countrey  Bowre,  a  seemly  thing  I  winne." 

GERARD'S  HERBALL,  London,  1597. 


"  The  subtlest,  most  evanescent  of  all  sweet  odors,  that 
of  the  wild  grape-vine !" — ATLANTIC  MONTHLY,  September, 
1893- 


1 8  Vine  (  Vitacece).  [No.  5 

"  By  the  river  bank  he  wandered, 
Through  the  Muscoday,  the  meadow, 
Saw  the  grape-vine,  the  Bemahgut, 
Trailing  o'er  the  elder-branches, 
Filling  all  the  air  with  fragrance." 

LONGFELLOW'S  "  HIAWATHA." 


"  Almighty  God  for  the  comfort  of  mankind  ordained 
wine  ;  but  decreed,  therewith,  that  it  shoulde  be  moder- 
ately taken,  for  so  it  is  holsom  &  comfortable  ;  but  when 
measure  is  turned  into  excesse  it  becometh  unwholsome, 
&  a  poison  most  venemous,  relaxing  the  sinewes,  bringing 
with  it  the  palsie  &  falling  sicknes  :  to  the  aged  it  bring- 
eth  hot  fevers,  frensie,  &  lecherie,  consumeth  the  liver  & 
other  of  the  inward  parts  :  Finally  in  a  word  to 

conclude :  this  excessive  drinking  of  wine  dishonored! 
noblemen,  beggereth  the  poore,  &  more  have  been  de- 
stroied  by  surfeiting  therewith  than  with  cruell  battell." — 
GERARD'S  HERBALL. 


Tendrils  are  modified  forms  of  leaf,  leaf-stem,  flower- 
stem,  branch,  or  stipule.  Meehan  comments  interestingly 
on  their  doings.  Until  they  find  a  support  they  are  in 
constant  motion.  "  I  have  demonstrated,"  he  says,  "  that 
this  motion,  if  it  remains  unsatisfied,  is  exhausting  to  the 
plant.  It  is  a  drain  on  its  health  and  vigor."  Darwin 
says  that  generally  if  a  tendril  fails  to  catch  anything  it 
merely  gradually  withers,  but  that  in  a  few  species,  if  it 
fails,  at  first  it  slowly  bends  downward,  then  loses  its 
power  of  clasping,  and  very  soon  disarticulates  itself  and 
drops  off  like  a  leaf  in  autumn. 

Some  tendrils  appear  as  though  they  made  deliberate 
choice.  "  Knowing  that  the  tendrils  avoid  the  light,  I 
gave  them  a  glass  tube  blackened  within  and  a  well-black- 
ened piece  of  zinc.  They  quickly  curled  about  the  tube, 
and  bent  abruptly  around  the  edge  of  the  zinc  ;  but  they 


NO.  5]  Vine  ( Vitacece).  19 

soon  recoiled  from  these  objects  with  what  I  can  only  call 
disgust,  and  straightened  themselves,"  They  were  dis- 
satisfied with  the  smooth  surfaces  ;  when  rough  ones  were 
substituted  they  at  once  seized  upon  them  and  held  fast. 


In  animals  the  will  and  the  nerve-centres  are  responsi- 
ble for  the  action  of  the  muscles.  What  is  responsible  in 
the  plant  for  the  action  of  the  tendrils?  Why  does  the 
tendril  reach  straight  out,  seemingly  as  eager  as  a  finger  to 
reach  the  needed  support  ?  The  support  is  reached.  Is 
the  tendril  satisfied  ?  No  more  than  is  a  baby  when  its 
fingers  touch  the  rounds  of  the  supporting  chair.  The 
chubby  fingers  close.  The  muscles  of  the  hand  and  arm 
•contract  and  stiffen,  and  so  the  child  holds  and  stands 
where  else  it  would  have  fallen.  Why  does  the  tendril 
when  it  feels  the  support  likewise  stiffen  and  cling  with  all 
its  might? 

More  !  Why  does  it  at  the  same  time  throw  its  entire 
straight  length  into  a  spiral?  True  in  that  form  it  can 
better  withstand  a  sudden  strain — as  can  the  twisted  cable 
that  holds  a  ship  to  its  anchorage, — but  the  vine  is  not 
supposed  to  know  that.  Then  why  does  it  act  ? 

Besides,  there  is  a  mechanical  difficulty.  Take  a  fine 
wire.  Fasten  it  firmly  at  each  end.  Now  try  to  throw  it 
into  a  single  even  spiral.  You  cannot  do  it.  Neither 
can  a  plant  do  so  with  its  tendrils.  But  the  plant  solves 
the  difficulty.  It  makes  a  double  spiral — i.  e.,  near  the 
middle  the  direction  of  the  curve  is  evenly  and  gracefully 
reversed,  and  with  no  sacrifice  whatever  of  strength  or  of 
beauty,  Ah,  how  often  the  "wise"  men  have  to  answer 
their  own  or  others'  persistent  "Why?"  simply  with 
"  I  do  not  know."  One  can  explain  in  part,  but  back  of 
it  all  is  something  that  cannot  be  explained. 

[See  further  concerning  tendrils,  under  Gourd  Family,  pp.  80,  81.] 


20  Vine  ( Vitacece).  [No.  5 

GUIDE  TO  SPECIES. 

(a)  Bark  shreddy,  tendrils  forked. 

(&)  A  tendril  or  flower-cluster  opposite  each  leaf  on  the 

new  wood,   (i)  Northern  Fox-Grape  (V.  labriisca,  L.) 

(&)  Tendrils  and   flower-clusters   intermittent  (wanting- 

opposite  each  second  or  third  leaf  on  the  new  wood). 

(c)  Leaves  sometimes  rusty-downy  beneath,  especially 

when    young,   sometimes    with   a    bluish  bloom. 

Branchlets  cylindrical.     (2)  Summer  Grape  (V. 

aestivalis,  MX.). 

(c)  Leaves  mostly    with    whitish    persistent    down. 
Branchlets  angled.     West  and  South.     (3)  Downy 
Grape  (V.  cinerea,   Eng.). 
(c)  Leaves  usually  not  downy  (smooth  or  short  hairy 

beneath). 

(#f)  Fruit  very  small  (about  one  quarter  inch  in 
diameter),  without  bloom.  Clusters,  mostly 
loose.  (4)  Frost-Grape  (V.  cordifolia). 
(d)  Fruit,  one  third  to  five  twelfths  inch  in  diameter, 
with  a  thick  bloom.  Clusters  mostly  compact. 
Western  New  England  to  Pennsylvania  and 
westward.  (5)  River-Grape  (V.  riparia,  MX.). 
(d)  Fruit,  one  third  to  five  twelfths  inch  or  more 
in  diameter,  shining,  without  bloom.  Clusters 
mostly  loose.  West  and  South.  (6)  Red 
Grape  (V.  palmata,  Vahl.). 

(a)  Bark  not  shreddy,  tendrils  not  forked.  (7)  Southern 
Fox-Grape  (V.  rotundifolia,  MX.). 

Fig.  8.— (i)  Northern  Fox-Grape.     V.  labriisca,  L. 
Flowers,  the  pistillate  forms  in  compact  clusters.     June. 

Leaves,  variable,  from  four  to  six  inches  wide,  very  rusty- 
woolly  (or  sometimes  whitish-woolly),  when  young, 
and  continuing  so  beneath  when  grown.  Tendrils, 
once  or  twice  forked  ;  a  tendril  or  flower-cluster 
opposite  each  leaf.  Bark,  loose  and  in  shreds. 
Young  branchlets,  woolly. 


2i  Fig.  8.— Northern  Fox-Grape  (young  leaf).    (V.  labrusca,  L.) 


22  Vine  (Vitacece).  [No.  5 

Fruit,  large  (half  to  three  quarters  inch  in  diameter), 
dark  purple  or  amber  color,  with  a  tough  pulp,  and 
a  pleasant  musky  ("foxy")  flavor  and  odor.  It  is 
the  very  best  for  making  grape-jellies.  Clusters, 
small  to  medium.  September,  October. 

Found,  in  moist  groves  from  New  England  to  South 
Carolina. 

A  vine  that  climbs  often  over  great  distances,  reaching 
like  cables  among  the  branches  of  high  trees.  From  this 
species  are  derived  some  twenty  cultivated  varieties.  Of 
these,  four  are  now  widely  introduced  and  of  great  market 
value,  namely :  Isabella,  Catawba,  Concord,  and  Diana. 
With  these  might  perhaps  be  included  a  fifth,  the  Hart- 
ford Prolific.  The  first  two,  it  is  claimed,  originated  in 
North  Carolina.  The  counter-claim  that  the  Isabella  is 
an  imported  grape  is  disproved  by  the  fact  that  it  some- 
times reverts  completely  to  the  Fox-Grape — in  leaf  and 
fruit.  Also  seedlings  from  it  are  sometimes  fruitless,  as 
happens  with  other  American  species,  but  apparently 
never  with  European  species.  Dr.  Laspeyre,  of  North 
Carolina,  appears  to  have  been  its  first  cultivator,  about 
1805;  for  in  1810  he  was  selling  it  in  the  Wilmington 
markets.  The  name,  Isabella,  was  given  in  compliment 
to  Mrs.  Isabella  Gibbs,  who  is  said  to  have  taken  a  cut- 
ting from  it  to  Brooklyn.  (See  Dr.  Curtis's  State  Report 
on  North  Carolina  Woods  and  Timbers^} 

The  Catawba  seems  to  have  originated  in  Buncombe 
County,  N.  C.,  near  the  French  Broad  River. 

Fig.  9. — (2)  Summer  Grape.     V.  cestivalis,  MX. 
Flowers,  the  pistillate  forms  in  long,  loose  clusters.     June. 

Leaves,  very  variable,  four  to  seven  inches  in  width, 
toothed,  and  usually  more  or  less  three-  to  five-lobed, 


Fig.  9.— Summer  Grape.    (V.  aestivalis,  MX.) 


24  Vine  ( Vitacece).  [No.  5 

sometimes  rather  thin,  and  with  a  bluish  bloom  or 
pubescence,  sometimes  thicker  and  rusty-downy  be- 
neath. Tendrils,  forked.  Tendrils  and  flower-clusters, 
intermittent  (wanting  opposite  each  second  or  third 
leaf).  Branchlets,  cylindrical. 

Bark,  loose  and  shreddy. 

Fruit,  small  (about  half  an  inch  in  diameter),  dark  blue  or 
black  with  a  bloom,  well-flavored,  in  compact  bunches 
six  to  twelve  inches  in  length.  September. 

Found,  in  rich  woods  and  thickets,  common  and  widely 
distributed  North  and  South. 

Vines  with  slender,  high-climbing  stems.  From  V. 
sestivalis,  MX.,  at  least  twelve  cultivated  varieties  are 
derived. 


This  species  is  sometimes  divided  into  two — V.  bicolor, 
Le  Conte,  for  forms  found  mostly  in  the  North,  and  V. 
^estivalis,  MX.,  for  the  Southern  forms. 


Resembling  Fig.  8. — (3)  Downy  Grape.      V.  cintrea,  Eng. 

Leaves,  entire  or  slightly  three-lobed,  greyish-downy,  the 
down  persistent  beneath.  Leaf-stems,  very  long. 
Tendrils,  forked.  Tendrils  and /lower-clusters,  inter- 
mittent (wanting  opposite  each  second  or  third  leaf). 

Branchlets,  angular,  densely  downy  or  woolly. 
Bark,  loose  and  shreddy. 

Fruit,  small,  black,  without  bloom,  in  large,  compound, 
and  long-stemmed  clusters. 

Found,  from  Central  Illinois  to  Kansas  and  Texas. 


25  Fig.  io.— Frost-Grape.     (V.  cordifolia,  MX.) 


26  Vine  ( Vitacece).  [No.  5 

Fig.  10. — (4)  Frost-Grape.     Winter-Grape.    Chicken-Grape. 
'Possum-Grape.      V.  cordifolia,  MX. 

Flowers,  in  loose,  many-blossomed  clusters.  May  and 
June. 

Leaves,  three  to  five  inches  wide,  coarsely  and  sharply 
toothed,  and  sometimes  slightly  three-lobed  ;  smooth 
and  shining  above,  usually  short-hairy  on  the  ribs 
beneath  and  on  the  leaf-stem  ;  green  on  both  sides. 
Apex,  pointed.  Base,  heart-shaped,  usually  deeply 
so.  Stipules,  small  and  soon  falling.  Tendrils  and 
flower-clusters,  intermittent  (lacking  opposite  each 
second  or  third  leaf). 

Bark,  loose  and  shreddy. 

Fruit,  about  one  quarter  inch  in  diameter,  black,  shining, 
without  bloom  ;  very  acid  until  made  pleasant-flavored 
by  sharp  frosts.  Seeds,  one  or  two  rather  large. 
Llusters,  loose,  seldom  compound.  November. 

Found,  in  thickets  and  along  streams  from  New  England 
westward  and  southward. 

A  vine  climbing  to  the  height  of  ten  to  twenty  feejt. 


Fig.  II.— (5)   River-Grape.      V.  vulplna,  L.      V.  riparia,  MX. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  (Frost-Grape) 
chiefly  in  the  following  items  : 

Flowers,  in  smaller  and  more  compact  clusters. 

Leaves,  more  shining,  and  more  deeply  and  more  fre- 
quently three-lobed.  Stipules,  larger  and  more  per- 
sistent. 


27  Fig.  ii. — River-Grape,  with  young  fruit.    (V.  vulplna,  L.) 


28  Vine  (Vitacece).  [No.  5 

Fruit,  one  third  to  five  twelfths  inch  in  diameter,  with  a 
thick  bloom  ;  ripening  early.  Seeds,  very  small. 
Clusters,  small,  generally  compact. 

Found,  from  Western  New  England  to  Pennsylvania  and 
westward. 


Fig.  12.— (6)  Red  Grape.      V.  palmcita,  Vahl.     V.  rubra,  MX. 
Flowers,  in  large,  loose  clusters. 

Leaves,  smoothish,  three  to  five  inches  in  diameter,  lobed, 
the  lobes  mostly  long-pointed.  Tendrils,  forked. 
Tendrils  and  flower-clusters,  intermittent  (lacking 
opposite  each  second  or  third  leaf). 

Bark,  loose  and  shreddy. 

Fruit,  one  third  to  five  twelfths  or  more  inches  in  diame- 
ter, black  when  ripe,  shining,  without  bloom,  ripening 
late.  Seeds,  rounded,  very  large.  Clusters,  loose, 
seldom  compound. 

Found,  from  Illinois  to  Missouri  and  southward. 


Fig.  13.— (7)   Southern    Fox-Grape.     Muscadine.     Bullace. 

V.  rotundifblia  MX. 

Flowers,  in  small  clusters  with  crowded  blossoms.     May. 

Leaves,  two  to  three  inches  across,  rounded  (or  rarely 
slightly  three-lobed  or  angled),  edge  very  coarsely 
toothed  with  broad  somewhat  blunt  teeth  ;  smooth 
and  shining  on  both  sides  (or  rarely  slightly  downy). 
Base,  heart-shaped.  Tendrils,  not  forked.  Tendrils 
and  blossoms,  intermittent. 


Fig.  12.— Red  Grape.    (V.  palmata,  Vahl.) 


30  Vine  ( Vitacece).  [No.  5 

Bark,  pale  and  smooth,  not  shredded.  Pith,  continuous 
through  the  joints. 

Branchlets,  with  minute  dots. 

Fruit,  large  (half  to  three  quarters  inch  in  diameter), 
purplish,  without  bloom,  very  tough-skinned,  with 
pleasant  musky  flavor  ;  few  in  a  bunch  ;  ripening 
late.  Seeds,  with  wrinkles  across  both  sides. 

found,  often  in  cultivation,  and  native  just  south  of  our 
limits,  from  Maryland  to  Kentucky  and  Kansas,  and 
southward. 

The  cultivated  Scuppernong  common  in  Southern  gar- 
dens is  derived  from  this  species. 


(2)  Genus  AMPELOPSIS,    MX. 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  vine  "  and  "  appearance." 

Fig.  14. — Virginia-Creeper.     American  Ivy.    Woodbine.    A. 

quinque folia,  MX. 

Flowers,  small,  greenish,  in  clusters.  Petals,  five,  concave, 
spreading,  thick.  Calyx,  slightly  five-toothed.  Seed- 
case,  two-celled,  each  cell  with  two  young  seeds. 
Style,  very  short.  July. 

Leaves,  alternate,  compound.  Leaflets,  three  to  seven 
(usually  five),  long  and  pointed,  radiating  from  a 
centre ;  edges  coarsely  sharp-toothed  above  the  mid- 
dle, entire  toward  the  base  ;  smooth,  brilliantly  colored 
in  the  fall.  Tendrils,  swelling  at  the  tips  into  sucker- 
like  disks  by  means  of  which  the  plant  clings  firmly 
to  walls  and  trees  in  its  extensive  climbing. 


3i          Fig.  13.— Southern  Fox-Grape.    (V.  rotundifdlia,  MX.) 


32  Vine  ( Vitacece).  [No.  5 

Fruit,  about  the  size  of  peas,  dark  blue,  in  loose  clusters ; 
two-celled,  each  cell  with  one  or  two  ripened  seeds, 
October. 

Found,  wild  in  low,  rich  ground,  from  Florida  northward 
and  westward,  and  everywhere  in  cultivation. 

A  vigorous  woody  climber,  covering  trees  and  walls  often 
to  the  distance  of  fifty  feet ;  very  useful  in  cultivation  for 
screens  and  trellises  ;  and  very  ornamental,  especially  in 
the  autumn  with  its  brilliant  crimson  and  scarlet  and  pur- 
ple foilage. 


For  some  reason,  perhaps  because  of  its  climbing  habit 
and  its  inappropriate  popular  name  of  American-Ivy,  the 
Virginia-Creeper  is  often  feared  as  something  poisonous. 
It  climbs  a  tree  trunk  somewhat  as  does  the  Poison  Ivy 
(Rhus  radicans,  L.),  but  it  is  easily  distinguishable  and  is 
entirely  harmless.  One  should  remember  that  the  Virginia- 
Creeper  has  five  finger-like  leaflets  that  are  suggestive  of 
the  fact  that  one's  own  five  fingers  can  safely  handle  it ; 
while  the  Poison-Ivy  has  but  three. 


"  In  the  course  of  about  two  days  after  a  tendril  [of 
woodbine]  has  arranged  its  branches  so  as  to  press  on  any 
surface,  the  curved  tips  swell,  become  bright  red,  and 
form  on  the  under  sides  the  well  known  little  disks  or 
cushions  with  which  they  adhere  firmly.  .  .  .  Since 
they  adhere  to  smooth  surfaces,  .  .  .  this  alone 
renders  it  probable  that  some  cement  is  secreted,  .  .  . 
the  quantity  however  must  be  small.  ...  It  must  not 
be  supposed  that  the  attachment  is  effected  exclusively  by 
the  cement,  for  the  cellular  outgrowth  completely  envelops 
every  minute  and  irregular  projection  and  insinuates  itself 
into  every  crevice." — DARWIN. 


33 


J4-  —  Virginia-Creeper.     (A.  quinquefolia, 
a.  Young  leaf  and  flower-buds,     b.   Fruit. 


34  Sumach  (Anacardiacecz).       [No.  6 

No.  6.— Family  ANACARDlACE^.     (Sumach  Fam.) 
Genus  RHUS. 

Possibly  from  a  word  meaning  "red." 

Fig.  15. — Poison-Ivy.     Poison-Oak.     R.  rddicans,  L.     R.   Toxi- 
code'ndron,  L. 

Flowers,  small,  greenish,  in  loose  clusters  from  the  axils  of 
the  leaves  ;  the  staminate  and  pistillate  forms  on  dif- 
ferent plants.  Petals,  five,  not  united.  Sepals,  five. 
Stamens,  five,  alternate  with  the  petals.  Styles,  three. 
Seed-case,  free,  one-celled,  with  one  seed. 

Leaves,  compound,  alternate.  Leaflets,  three  ;  edges,  entire 
or  variously  sharp-notched  ;  mostly  pointed,  and  some- 
what downy  beneath. 

Fruit,  small,  rounded,  pale  brown  or  whitish,  smooth,  not 
splitting  when  ripe,  one-seeded.  Stone,  ridged  or 
lined.  September.  An  almost  dry  drupe. 

Found,  from  Canada  to  Georgia,  climbing  often  in  great 
profusion  over  walls  and  fences  and  up  the  trunks  of 
trees,  taking  also  at  times  the  shrub  form. 

A  woody  plant  which  takes  all  positions  ;  sometimes  it 
is  erect  (one  to  three  feet  high)  ;  often  it  is  prostrate  and 
trailing  ;  oftenest,  perhaps,  it  is  climbing. 

In  its  climbing  form  it  covers  the  posts  of  fences,  the 
trunks  and  branches  of  trees,  stone  walls — clinging  tena- 
ciously wherever  it  goes  by  multitudes  of  thread-like  root- 
lets, and  sometimes  reaching  a  distance  of  forty  or  even 
fifty  feet,  with  a  stem  from  two  to  five  or  six  inches  in 
diameter.  At  times  it  so  closely  covers  its  growing  sup- 
port as  to  smother  it. 


15.— Poison-Ivy.     (R.  radicans,  L.) 


36  Pulse  (Leguminbsce)*  [NO.  7 

The  plant  is  violently  poisonous  to  the  touch,  causing 
in  most  persons  a  painful  eruption  :  some  are  poisoned  by 
it  without  touching  it,  probably  by  means  of  the  drifting 
pollen  of  its  flowers.  A  recommended  application  is 
sugar  of  lead  applied,  after  the  use  of  saline  cathartics,  or 
a  thick  paste  of  bi-carbonate  of  soda  rubbed  into  the  skin 
as  soon  as  the  eruption  appears.  It  is  also  claimed  that 
relief  and,  if  used  promptly,  frequent  cure  follow  the  use 
of  apis  mellifica  or  of  belladonna,  taken  in  homoeopathic 
doses.  There  are  wellnigh  as  many  recommended  anti- 
dotes as  there  are  for  the  bites  of  rattlesnakes  ;  and  what 
will  help  in  some  cases  will  not  in  others. 

No.  7.— Family  LEGUMIN^S^.     (Pulse  Fam.) 

Flowers,  irregular  (papilionaceous,  i.  e.,  butterfly-like). 
Petals,  five,  distinct  (excepting  the  two  that  unite  to 
form  the  keel)  ;  the  upper  one,  called  the  "standard" 
or  "banner,"  larger  than  the  others  and  enclosing 
them  in  the  bud,  and  when  fully  blossomed  usually 
turned  backward  or  widely  spreading  ;  the  two  side 
ones,  called  "wings"  slanting,  and  lapping  the  lower 
ones  ;  the  two  lower  ones,  forming  the  "  keel  "  usually 
more  or  less  united  by  their  front  edges,  and  enclos- 
ing the  stamens  and  the  style.  Calyx,  of  five  more  or 
less  united  sepals.  Stamens,  ten,  either  all  or,  much 
oftener,  all  but  one  united  toward  the  base.  Style, 
simple.  Seed-case,  free,  one-celled;  or  (in  Genus  i, 
Desmodium)  with  cross  divisions  forming  a  two-  to 
several-celled  and  jointed  pod,  each  joint  with  one  seed. 

Leaves,  compound,  alternate,  edge  of  leaflets  entire. 
Stipules,  present.  Leaf-stems,  swollen  at  the  base. 

Fruit,  a  legume,  i.  e.,  a  one-celled  and  two-valved  pod, 
like  a  pea-pod  ;  or  in  Genus  i  (Desmodium)  a 


NO.  7]  Pulse  ( Leguminbsce).  37 

loment,   z\  e.,  a  jointed  pod   with  one  or  more  cross 
divisions,  and  one  seed  in  each  joint. 

Herbaceous  vines,  one  species  (the  Butterfly-Pea,   Cli- 
toria  Mariana}  woody  at  base. 

GUIDE    TO    GENERA. 

(a)  Leaflets,  three.     Tendrils,  none.      Pod,  either  jointed, 
with  one  seed  for  each  joint,  or  one-celled  and  one- 
seeded. 
(b)  Pod,  jointed,  with  one  seed  to  each  joint,      (i)  Des- 

modium  (Bush-Trefoil). 
(b)  Pod,    one-celled    and    one-seeded.      (2)    Lespedeza 

(Bush-Clover). 

(a)  Leaflets,  three.  Tendrils,  none.  Pod,  neither  jointed 
nor  one-seeded,  excepting  sometimes  in  the  lower 
and  usually  underground  pods  of  the  Hog-Peanut 
(No.  8). 

(b)  Standard  (the  large  upper  petal),  curved  back,  and 

spreading.      Seeds,  four  to  ten,  oblong  with  squared 

en'ds,    kidney-shape,  or  four-sided.       (3)   Phaseolus 

(Kidney-Bean). 

(6)  Standard,  erect.     Vine  smooth,  ascending.    (4)  Cli- 

toria  (Butterfly-Pea). 
(#)  Standard,  erect.     Vine  hairy,  ascending.    (5)  Amphi- 

carpaea  (Hog-Peanut). 

(b)  Standard,  bending  somewhat  inward.      Vine  smooth 
or  minutely  downy,  prostrate.     (6)  Galactia  (Milk- 
Pea). 
(#)  Leaflets,   five  or  seven.     Tendrils,  none.     (7)  Apios 

(Ground-Nut). 

(a)  Leaflets,  an  even  number.  Tendrils  or  bristles,  pres- 
ent at  the  ends  of  the  leaves. 

(b)  Leaflets,  eight  to  twenty-four.  Style,  thread-like, 
bearded  by  a  tuft  or  ring  of  hairs  at  the  apex, 
especially  on  the  outside  (toward  the  keel).  (8) 
Vicia  (Vetches). 

(b)  Leaflets,  six  to  twelve.  Style,  flattened  and  bearded 
down  the  inner  side  (toward  the  free  stamen.  (9) 
Lathyrus  (Vetchlings). 


38  Pulse  (Leguminbscz).  [No.  7 

(i)  Genus  DESMODIUM,  Desv.    Meibomia  (L.),  Kuntz. 
Fig.  1 6.— Smooth  Bush-Trefoil.    D.  humifiisum,  Beck. 

This  species  closely  resembles  the  next  (D.  rotundi- 
folium),  excepting  that  it  is  nearly  smooth  throughout, 
with  leaves  that  are  oval  to  egg-shape,  and  with  smaller 
and  narrow  and  less  persistent  stipules  and  stipels.  It  is 
found  in  dry,  sandy  soil  in  Maine,  and  from  Pennsylvania 
to  Maryland.  It  sometimes  reaches  a  length  of  eight  feet. 


Fig.  17.— Bush-Trefoil.     Tick-Trefoil.    D.  rotundifolium,  D.  C. 

Flowers,  in  clusters,  axillary  or  terminal,  of  few  blossoms, 
purple  ;  standard,  reverse  egg-shape  ;  wings,  attached 
to  the  keel  by  a  slight  band.  Calyx,  five-cleft,  more 
or  less  two-lipped,  with  its  lobes  longer  than  the  tube. 
Stamens,  in  two  sets  (nine  united  toward  the  base, 
and  one  distinct).  August. 

Leaves,  compound,  alternate.  Leaflets,  three,  rounded, 
hairy  on  both  sides,  one  to  two  inches  across,  with 
stems  and  stipels  ;  edges  entire.  Stipules,  conspicu- 
ous, persistent,  egg-shape,  pointed.  Leaf-stem,  hairy. 

Pod,  flattened,  two-  to  six-jointed,  deeply  lobed  on  the 
edges,  somewhat  as  in  Fig.  16,  on  a  short  stalk,  very 
adhesive  with  its  covering  of  small  hooked  hairs. 
Seeds,  one  in  each  joint.  A  loment. 

Found,  in  dry  open  woods  from  Florida  to  New  England 
and  westward. 

A  prostrate  vine,  herbaceous,  hairy,  two  to  four  feet 
long. 


39  Fig-  1 6.— Smooth  Bush-Trefoil.    (D.  humifiisum,  Beck.) 


40  Pulse  ( Leg^lm^nbsce).  [No.  7 

(2)  Genus   LESPEDEZA,    MX. 

From  the  name  of  a  Spanish  governor  of  Florida. 
Fig.  18. — Bush-Clover.     L.  proctimbens,  MX.     L.  ripens  (L.),  Bart. 

Flowers,  in  few-blossomed  axillary  clusters,  of  two  sorts, 
the  larger  with  stamens  and  pistils  but  seldom  bear- 
ing" seed  ;  the  smaller  with  seed-bearing  pistils,  and 
oftenest  without  petals.  Corolla,  violet-purple,  longer 
than  the  calyx  ;  the  keel  as  long  as  the  wings.  Calyx, 
five-cleft,  with  slender,  nearly  equal  lobes,  and  with 
two  small  bracts  beneath.  Stamens,  in  two  sets  (nine 
united  at  base,  and  one  distinct).  Cluster-stems,  two 
to  five  inches  long,  very  slender.  August,  Sep- 
tember. 

Leaves,  compound,  alternate.  Leaflets,  three,  one  quarter 
to  three  quarters  inch  long,  oval  to  reverse  egg- 
shape,  on  very  short  stems,  without  stipels,  smooth 
above. 

Pod,  rounded,  small,  flat,  one-celled,  one-seeded.  A 
legume. 

Found,  common  in  dry  sandy  soil  in  Canada  and  the 
United  States. 

A  slender  trailing  vine,  herbaceous,  slightly  downy  or 
hairy,  one  to  two  feet  long. 

(3)  Genus  PHASEOLUS,  Tourn.      (Kidney-Bean.) 

Flowers,  in  axillary  clusters.  Keel,  enclosing  the  stamens 
and  style,  and  either  twisted  into  a  spiral  or  strongly 
incurved.  Calyx,  five-toothed  with  the  two  upper 
teeth  more  or  less  united.  Stamens,  in  two  sets  (nine 
united  toward  the  base,  and  one  distinct). 


Fig.  17. — Bush-Trefoil.    (D.  rotundifdlium,  D.  C.) 
Fig.  18.— Bush-Clover.     (L.  prociimbens,  MX.) 


42  Pulse  (Leguminbsce).  [No.  7 

Leaves,  compound,  alternate.     Leaflets,  three  with  stipels. 

Pod,  four-  to  ten-seeded.  Seeds,  oblong  with  squared 
ends,  kidney-shape,  or  four-sided. 

Herbaceous  vines.     The  Lima  Bean,  and  other  favorite 
climbing  beans  of  the  garden  belong  with  this  genus. 

Fig.     19.— Kidney-Bean.     Wild-Bean.      P.  polystdchyus  (LJ, 
B.  S.  P.     P.  perdnnis,  Walt. 

Flowers,  scattered  in  loose  axillary  clusters  that  are  twice 
as  long  as  the  leaf-stems  or  more.  Corolla,  purple  or 
violet,  small.  Keel  and  the  included  style  and  sta- 
mens, twisted.  Style,  bearded  along  the  upper  side. 
July  and  August. 

Leaflets,  three,  one  and  a  half  to  three  and  a  half  inches 
long,  rounded  egg-shape,  the  terminal  one  often 
somewhat  heart-shape.  Apex,  short-pointed. 

Pod,  about  two  inches  in  length,  strongly  curved,  droop- 
ing, tipped  with  the  base  of  the  style.  Seeds,  four  to 
five,  flattened,  dark  purple,  kidney-shape.  A  legume. 

Found,  in  dry  ground  from  Canada  to  Florida  and  west- 
ward. Common. 

A  twining,  herbaceous  vine,  slender,  somewhat  downy ; 
from  a  perennial  root.      Stem,  four  to  seven  feet  long. 


43         Fig-  19.— Kidney-Bean.      P.  polystdchyus  (L.),  B.  S.  P. 


44  Pulse  ( Leguminbsce).  [No.  7 

Fig.   20. — Various-Leaved  Kidney- Bean.     P.  Mvolus,  L.     P. 
diversifolius.     P.  Strophostylcs  angulbsa,  Ell. 

Flowers,  stemless,  in  clusters  of  four  to  seven  blossoms  at 
the  ends  of  the  cluster-stems.  Cluster-stems,  four  to 
eight  inches  long.  Corolla,  greenish-white  and  pur- 
ple, the  standard  large  and  rounded.  Calyx,  with  two 
bracts  beneath.  August,  September. 

Leaflets,  three,  one  half  to  one  and  two  thirds  inches  long 
(oftenest  about  one  inch),  from  egg-shape  to  narrow 
oblong  ;  commonly  more  or  less  three-lobed. 

Pod,  straight,  or  nearly  so,  and  nearly  cylindrical,  two  to 
three  inches  long,  one  quarter  inch  wide,  nearly 
smooth.  Seeds,  four  to  eight,  one  quarter  inch  long, 
oblong,  usually  very  downy.  A  legume. 

Found,  on  and  near  sandy  shores  and  river  banks,  along 
the  coast  from  Massachusetts  southward,  and  from 
the  Great  Lakes  to  Kansas  and  Texas. 

A    branching,    herbaceous    vine,    twining  or   prostrate 
(usually  spreading  on  the  ground),  one  to  six  feet  long. 


Fig.  21. — Umbelled  Kidney-Bean.    P.  umbdlatus  (Muhl.),  Britton. 
S.  peduncul&ris,  Ell. 

Flowers,  stemless,  in  few-blossomed  clusters. 

Leaflets,  three,  usually  about  one  inch  in  length,  egg-shape 
to  narrow-oblong,  seldom  lobed. 

Pod,  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long,  scarcely  one  sixth 
inch  wide,  straight  or  nearly  so.  Seeds,  one  sixth 
inch  long  or  less.  A  legume. 


45        Fig.  20.— Various-Leaved  Kidney-Bean.     (Phaseolus  he'lvolus,  L.) 


46  Pulse  (Legiiminbsce).  [No.  7 

Found,  in  sandy  ground  from  Long  Island  and  New 
Jersey  to  Florida,  and  westward  to  Southern  Indiana 
and  Texas. 

A   vine  two  to  four  feet   long,  from  a  perennial  root- 
stock. 


Fig.  22.— Few-Flowered  Kidney-Bean.   P.  pauciflbrus,  Benth. 

Flowers,  in  few-blossomed  clusters.  Cluster-stems,  much 
longer  than  the  leaf-stems. 

Leaflets,  three,  one  to  two  inches  long,  slightly  hairy,  long 
egg-shape  to  very  narrow,  not  lobed.  July,  August. 

Pod,  one  to  one  and  a  half  inches  in  length,  straight, 
slender,  flattened,  downy  or  hairy.  Seeds,  five  to 
eight.  A  legume. 

Found,  from  Indiana  to  Minnesota  and  southward  to 
Missouri  and  Texas. 

A  slender  prostrate  vine,  downy  or  hairy,  two  to  four 
feet  in  length. 


(4)  Genus  CLITORIA,  L. 
Fig.  23.— Butterfly-Pea.     C.  Mariana,  L. 

Flowers,  nearly  two  inches  in  length  (standard  pale  purple 
or  blue,  the  rest  whitish  or  blue  and  white),  in  one- 
to  three-blossomed  axillary  clusters.  Standard,  erect, 
rounded  to  reverse  egg-shape,  usually  notched  above, 
not  spurred,  much  larger  than  the  other  petals. 
Keel,  shorter  than  the  wings,  pointed  and  incurved 


Fig.  21.— Umbelled  Kidney-Bean.      P.  umbellatus  (Muhl.),  Britton. 
47 


48  P^llse  (Leguminosce).  [No.  7 

on  long  claws.  Calyx,  tubular,  five-toothed,  three- 
quarters  inch  long,  with  small  bracts .  beneath. 
Stamens,  united  toward  the  base.  Style,  curved 
and  bearded  down  the  inner  side.  C luster-stems  y 
shorter  than  the  leaves.  July,  August. 

Leaflets,  three,  usually  about  one  inch  long  and  half  an 
inch  wide  though  often  larger,  mostly  long  egg- 
shape.  Apex,  blunt  or  slightly  pointed.  Base, 
usually  rounded  or  slightly  heart-shaped.  Stipules 
and  bracts,  awl-shape. 

Pods,  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  long,  very  narrow, 
flattened,  knotty,  pointed  with  the  remains  of  the 
style.  Seeds,  three  or  four. 

Found,  in  dry  ground  from  New  Jersey  to  Florida,  and 
westward  to  Missouri  and  Texas. 

A  smooth  perennial  vine,  ascending  and  twining,  woody 
only  at  the  base.  Stem  one  to  three  feet  in  length,  slender 
and  branching. 


(5)  Genus  AMPHICARP^EA,  Ell. 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  both"  and  "  fruit,"  with  reference  to  the  different 
forms  of  the  pods. 

Fig.  24. — Hog-Peanut.  A.  commbsa  (L.),  Riddell.  A.monbica^Nutt. 

Flowers,  purplish,  two  sorts,  in  axillary,  usually  few-blos- 
somed, drooping  clusters,  those  on  the  upper  branches 
complete,  but  seldom  fruiting ;  those  on  the  lower 
creeping  branches  bearing  fruit,  but  with  few  sta- 
mens, if  any,  and  with  the  corolla  lacking  or  merely 
rudimentary.  Keel  and  wings,  nearly  straight  and 


49        F»g.  22.— Few-Flowered  Kidney-Bean.     (P.  pauciflorus,  Benth.) 


50  Pulse  (Leguminbscz).  [No.  7 

similar,  and  partly  enfolded  by  the  reverse  egg-shaped 
standard.  Calyx,  tubular,  or  bell-shape,  with  four 
(sometimes  five)  short  and  nearly  equal  teeth — that 
of  the  upper  flowers  about  one  sixth  of  an  inch  in 
length.  Bractlets,  minute,  or  lacking.  Stamens,  in 
two  sets,  in  the  upper  unfruitful  flowers  ;  in  the  lower 
ones,  wanting,  or,  if  present,  not  in  sets.  Style,  not 
bearded.  Seed-cases^  of  the  upper  flowers,  smooth  with 
hairy  margins ;  of  the  lower  ones,  hairy.  August, 
September. 

Leaflets,  three,  very  thin,  one  half  inch  to  three  inches  in 
length,  three  quarters  as  wide,  somewhat  egg-shape, 
those  at  the  sides  with  the  base  oblique.  Stipels 
present. 

Pods,  of  the  upper  flowers,  if  present,  somewhat  curved, 
with  a  short  stalk,  and  with  three  or  four  dark  seeds ; 
those  of  the  lower  flowers,  one  inch  in  length,  hairy, 
usually  beneath  the  ground,  reverse  egg-shape  or 
pear  shape,  with  one  large  flattened  brown  seed.  A 
legume. 

Found,  common,  in  rich,  damp  soil,  from  Canada  to  Mis- 
sissippi and  Florida. 

An  ill-named  vine,  slender,  twining,  hairy,  perennial, 
herbaceous  ;  the  stem  much  branched,  rough  in  one  direc- 
tion, four  to  eight  feet  long. 


Resembling  Fig.  24.— Pitchers'  Hog-Peanut.     A.  Pitcheri, 
T.  and  G. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  (A.  commosa) 
chiefly  in  the  following  items  : 


5i  Fig.  23.— Butterfly-Pea.     (C.  Mariana,  L.) 


52  Pulse  (Leguminbsce).  [No.  7 

Flowers,  The  upper  ones  more  frequently  producing  fruit,, 
the  lower  ones  less  frequently.  Clusters,  erect.  Calyx* 
one  quarter  inch  long.  Seed-case,  hairy. 

Leaflets,  usually  two  to  four  inches  in  length. 

Pod,  one  and  one  third  to  one  and  one  half  inches  in 
length. 

Found,  from  Western  New  York  to  Illinois  and  southward 
to  Louisiana  and  Texas. 

(6)  Genus  GALACTIA,  P.  Browne. 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  milk,"  because  some  species  were  supposed  to  have  a 
milky  juice. 

Fig.  25.— Milk-Pea.     G.  regularis  (L.),  B.  S.  P.     G.  glabe'lla,  MX. 

Flowers,  from  seven  twelfths  to  two  thirds  of  an  inch 
long,  reddish-purple  (greenish  outside),  in  short  and 
somewhat  irregular,  four-  to  eight-blossomed  clusters 
that  are  seldom  as  long  as  the  leaves.  Standard, 
broader  than  the  other  petals.  Keel,  nearly  straight, 
its  petals  slightly  joined  above.  Calyx,  four-cleft ; 
teeth  sharp,  entire,  the  upper  one  broadest.  Stamens, 
in  two  sets.  Style,  beardless. 

Leaflets,  usually  three,  five  sixths  of  an  inch  to  one  and 
two  thirds  inches  long,  with  short  stems,  oblong  or 
egg-shape,  often  notched  at  both  ends,  slightly  hairy 
beneath.  Stipels,  present. 

Pod,  one  and  a  half  inches  long,  very  narrow,  flat,  slightly 
curved  erect,  rather  hairy.  Seeds,  four  to  six.  A 
legume. 

Found,  in  sandy  woods  from  New  York  southward. 

A  prostrate,  herbaceous  vine,  perennial,  with  a  smooth 
or  minutely  downy  stem  two  to  four  feet  in  length. 


53 


Fig.  24. — Hog-Peanut.     A.  comm6sa(L.),  Riddell. 
Fig.  25.— Milk-Pea.     G.  regularis  (L.),  B.  S.  P. 


54  Pulse  (Legumiriosce).  [No.  7 

Leaf  resembling  Fig.  25.— Downy  Milk-Pea.  G.  pilbsa,  Ell. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  these 
items  : 

Flowers,  in  many-blossomed  clusters  that  are  usually 
longer  than  the  leaves,  sometimes  four  to  six  times  as 
long. 

Leaflets,  half  to  one  inch  in  length,  oval,  whitish-downy 
beneath. 

Pods,  very  downy.     Seeds,  ten. 
Found,  from  Pennsylvania  southward. 

(7)  Genus  APIOS,  Boer. 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "pear,"  with  reference  to  the  shape  of  the  tubers. 

Fig.   26. — Ground-Nut.     Wild  Bean.    A.  tuberosa,  Moench. 

Flowers,  brownish-purple,  fragrant,  in  short,  compact,  and 
often  branching  axillary  clusters  that  are  shorter  than 
the  leaves.  Standard,  very  broad,  and  turned  back. 
Keel,  scythe-shape,  becoming  coiled.  Calyx,  bell- 
shape,  slightly  two-lipped,  the  two  upper  teeth 
rounded  and  very  short,  the  two  at  the  sides  nearly 
obsolete,  the  lower  one  longest  and  pointed.  Sta- 
mens, in  two  sets  (nine  united  toward  the  base,  and 
one  distinct).  July  and  August. 

Leaflets,  three  to  seven  (usually  seven,  rarely  three), 
narrow,  egg-shape,  more  or  less  pointed,  smooth, 
with  short  stem.  Stipels,  lacking. 

Pod,  slender,  nearly  cylindrical,  straight  or  slightly  curved. 
Seeds,  many,  black.  A  legume. 

Found,  in  damp  ground,  from  New  Brunswick  to  Florida 
and  westward. 


55  Fig.  26.— Ground-Nut.    (A.  tuberdsa,  Moench.1 


56  Pulse  (Leguminbsa).  [NO.  7 

A  perennial  twining  and  climbing  vine,  smooth,  her- 
baceous. It  bears  edible  tubers,  of  an  oval  shape.  They 
are  somewhat  potato-like,  and  are  said  to  be  very  nu- 
tritious. The  stem  is  round  and  two  to  four  feet  in 
length. 

(8)  Genus  VICIA,  Tourn.     (Vetch,  Tare.) 

Flowers,  axillary.  Standard,  notched.  Wings,  adhering 
to  the  keel.  Calyx,  tubular,  five-cleft  or  five-toothed, 
the  two  upper  lobes  shortest.  Stamens,  in  two  sets 
(nine  more  or  less  united  at  the  base,  and  one 
distinct).  Style,  thread-like  (not  flattened  as  in 
Lathyrus)  bent  at  right  angles  to  the  seed-case, 
bearded  by  a  tuft  or  ring  of  hairs  at  the  apex. 

Leaves,  compound,  alternate.  Leaflets,  in  four  to  twelve 
pairs,  edges  entire.  Tendrils,  at  the  ends  of  the 
leaves — a  continuation  of  the  common  leaf-stem. 
Stipules,  half  arrow-shaped  at  their  base. 

Pod,  flat  oblong.  Seeds,  two  to  several  (or  many  in  V. 
Americana),  globular.  A  legume. 

Herbaceous  vines,  more  or  less  climbing  by  help  of  the 
tendrils. 

Fig.  27. — Common  Vetch.     Tare.     [F.  safiva,  Z.] 

Flowers,  violet-purple,  nearly  stemless,  in  clusters  of  one 
or  two  blossoms  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Corolla, 
half  an  inch  long.  Cluster-stems,  shorter  than  the 
leaves.  June. 

Leaflets,  five  to  seven  pairs,  two  thirds  inch  to  one  inch 
in  length,  from  reverse  egg-shape  to  very  narrow. 
Apex,  notched  and  bristle-tipped. 

jpod,  slim,  erect,  smooth,  one  to  two  inches  in  length. 
Seeds,  several.  A  legume. 


57  Fig.  27.— Common  Vetch.     [V.  sativa,  L.] 


5§  P^llse  ( Leguminbsce).  [No.  7 

Found,  in  cultivated  fields  and  in  waste  ground  from  New 
England  southward  and  westward. 

A  somewhat  downy  vine,  two  to  three  feet  long,  with  a 
simple  herbaceous  stem.      Introduced  from  Europe. 


The  Narrow-Leaved  Vetch  [var.  angustifblia,  Sen] 
has  the  leaflets  somewhat  longer  than  in  the  type,  and 
narrow. 

Fig.  28. — Four-Seeded  Slender  Vetch.     \V.  tetraspe'rma,  Z.] 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  (V.  sativa,  L.) 
chiefly  in  these  items  : 

Flowers,  very  small,  whitish.  Cluster-stems,  very  slender, 
in  flower  shorter  than  the  leaves,  in  fruit  longer  than 
the  leaves. 

Leaflets,  (four  to  six  pairs,  sometimes  three),  one  half 
to  five  sixths  inch  long,  by  one  twelfth  inch  wide. 
July. 

Pod,  one  third  to  one  half  inch  long.      Seeds,  four. 
Found,  near  the  coast  from  Nova  Scotia  to  New  Jersey. 

Delicate  vines  with  very  slender,  almost  thread-like 
stems  one  to  two  feet  long. 

Resembling  Fig.  27. — Hairy  Vetch.      V.  hirsbta,  Koch. 

This  specie  differs  from  the  Common  Vetch  (V.  sativa, 
L.)  chiefly  in  these  items  : 

Flowers,  small  in  clusters  of  three  to  six  blossoms. 
Corolla,  bluish-white.  Cluster-stems,  about  the  length 
of  the  leaves.  Calyx,  with  the  teeth  equal.  June. 


59  Fig.  28.— Four-Seeded  Vetch.     [V.  tetraspe'rma,  L.] 


60  Pulse  (Leguminbsce).  [No.  7 

Leaflets  (six  to  eight  pairs),  a  quarter  to  two  thirds  inch 
long,  scarcely  one  twelfth  inch  wide,  widest  above, 
with  the  apex  squared. 

Pod,  short,  hairy.      Seeds,  two. 

Found,  from  New  York  to  South  Carolina. 

A  hairy,  very  slender  creeping  vine  one  to  three  feet  in 
length. 

Fig.  29.— Tufted  Vetch.     V.  crdcca,  L. 

Flowers,  many,  twelve  to  twenty  or  more  in  a  long, 
densely  blossomed,  one-sided  cluster  ;  blue,  becoming 
purple,  one  half  inch  in  length,  reflexed.  Calyx,  with 
its  teeth  unequal  and  shorter  than  its  tube.  Cluster- 
stem,  lengthened.  July. 

Leaflets  (ten  to  twelve  pairs),  one  half  to  two  thirds  inch 
long  by  one  sixth  to  one  quarter  inch  wide  with  short 
stems,  oblong  to  lance-shape,  strongly  bristle-pointed, 
downy. 

Pod,  several-seeded. 

Found,  from  Newfoundland  to  New  Jersey. 

A  slender  climber,  slightly  downy,  with  square  stem, 
two  to  three  feet  in  length. 

Fig.  30. — Carolina  Vetch.  V.  Carolinihna,  Walt. 
Flowers,  small  (one  quarter  inch  long  or  a  little  more), 
whitish,  in  loose  clusters  of  six  to  twelve  blossoms. 
Keel,  tipped  with  blue.  Calyx,  teeth  unequal,  the 
two  upper  very  short.  Cluster-stem,  usually  rather 
shorter  than  the  leaves.  May. 

Leaflets  (four  to  eight  pairs),  half  to  one  inch  in  length, 
mostly  alternate,  oblong  or  narrow.  Apex,  rounded, 
slightly  pointed,  or  sometimes  notched. 


Fig.  29.— Tufted  Vetch.     (V.  cracca,  L.) 
61  Fig.  30.— Carolina  Vetch.     (V.  Caroliniana,  Walt.) 


62  Pulse  (Leguminosce).  [No.  7 

Pod,  oblong.      Seeds,  several. 

Found,  from  Ontario  and  New  York  to  Georgia,  and  west- 
ward to  Minnesota  and  Kansas. 

A  slender,  nearly  smooth  climber,  four  to  six  feet  high 
with  branching  stems. 

Fig.  31. — American  Vetch.     V.  Americana,  Muhl. 

Flowers,  purplish,  two  thirds  inch  in  length,  in  clusters  of 
four  to  eight  blossoms.  Calyx,  teeth  unequal,  the 
lower  broad,  lance-shape,  and  much  longer  than  the 
upper.  Style,  very  hairy  at  the  apex.  Cluster-stems, 
shorter  than  the  leaves.  May. 

Leaflets  (five  to  seven  pairs),  very  blunt,  five  sixths  to  one 
inch  long,  nearly  stemless. 

Pod,  many-seeded. 

Found,  in  moist  ground  from  New  York  and  New  Jersey 
westward. 

A  slender,  smooth  vine,  one  to  three  feet  in  length. 

(9)  Genus  LATHYRUS,  Tourn.     (Vetchling.     Everlasting 

Pea.) 

This  genus  closely  resembles  the  preceding  (  Vicia).  It 
has  the  characteristic  arrangement  of  tendrils,  at  the  end 
of  the  compound  leaf  ;  but  it  differs  in  having  the  style 
flattened,  and  bearded  on  the  side  toward  the  banner  (and 
toward  the  free  stamen),  arid  in  its  usually  few  leaflets, 
— one  to  six  pairs. 

The  Sweet  Pea  [Z.  odoratus,  L.],  one  of  the  best-loved 
of  our  garden  flowers,  belongs  with  this  genus.  It  is  a 
native  of  Sicily. 


-  31- — American  Vetch.     (V.  Americana,  Muhl.) 
Fig.  32. — Beach-Pea.     (L.  maritimus,  Big.) 
a.  Leaf  with  stipules,     b.   Fruit. 


64  Pulse  (Leguminbsce).  [No.  7 

Fig.  32.— Beach-Pea.     L.  maritimus,  Big. 

Flowers,  purple  or  blue,  three  quarters  inch  in  length,  in 
clusters  of  six  to  ten  blossoms.  Cluster-stems,  rather 
shorter  than  the  leaves.  May  and  July. 

Leaflets,  three  to  five  pairs  (oftenest  five),  with  the  lower 
pairs  largest,  one  to  two  inches  long,  thick,  egg-shape 
to  oval.  Stipules,  nearly  as  large  as  the  leaflets, 
united,  broad  egg-shape,  at  the  base  heart-shaped, 
with  one  lobe  larger  than  the  other,  and  oftenest 
coarsely  toothed. 

Pod,  several-seeded. 

Found,  along  the  sea-shore  from  New  Jersey  to  the  Arctic 
Ocean,  and  on  the  lakes. 

A  stout  creeper,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  with  a  four- 
angled  stem,  one  to  two  feet  in  length,  resembling  the 
pea-vine  of  the  gardens. 

Fig-  33- — Yellow- White  Vetchling.    L.  ochrokbcus,  Hook. 

Flowers,  yellowish-white,  in  clusters  of  seven  to  ten  blos- 
soms. Cluster-stems,  shorter  than  the  leaves.  June, 

July. 

Leaflets,  three  to  five  pairs  (oftenest  three),  one  to  one  and 
a  half  inches  long,  thin,  egg-shape  to  oval.  Stipules, 
half  heart-shape,  often  half  the  size  of  the  leaflets. 

Pod,  several-seeded. 

Found,  from  New  Jersey  to  Iowa,  and  northward  to  the 
Arctic  Circle. 

A  slender-stemmed  climbing  vine,  smooth  or  nearly  so, 
one  to  three  feet  in  length.  Rare. 


65 


-  33-—  Yellow-White  Vetchling.     (L.  ochroleucus,  Hook.) 
Fig-.  34.  —  Veiny  Vetchling.     (L.  venosus,  Muhl.) 


66  Pulse  (Leguminbsce.)  [No.  7 

Fig.  34. — Veiny  Vetchling.    L.  venbsus,  MM. 
Flowers,    purple    one    half   to    two    thirds   inch   long,   in 
many-blossomed    clusters.      Cluster-stems,    three    to 
five    inches  in   length.      Calyx,  teeth   very   unequal. 
June,  July. 

Leaflets  (four  to  six  pairs),  one  and  a  half  to  two  inches  in 
length,  egg-shape  to  long  oval.  Stipules,  very  small 
and  narrow  ;  at  the  base,  half  arrow-shaped  ;  at  the 
apex,  pointed. 

Pod,  flat  and  narrow,  several-seeded. 

Found,  in  shady  places  from  Georgia  to  Mississippi  and 
northward. 

A  stout  climber,  smooth  or  slightly  downy.  Stem  four- 
angled,  two  to  three  feet  in  length. 

Fig-  35- — Swamp  Vetchling.    L.  pattstris,  L. 

Flowers,  purple,  sometimes  variegated  with  blue  and 
purple  ;  one  half  inch  or  more  long,  in  clusters  of 
two  to  six  blossoms.  Cluster-stems,  longer  than  the 
leaves. 

Leaflets,  two  to  four  pairs,  one  to  two  inches  in  length, 
narrow  or  line-like.  Apex,  pointed.  Stipules,  lance- 
shape,  with  apex  and  base  pointed.  June  and  July. 

Found,  in  moist  ground  from  Nova  Scotia  to  New  Jersey 
and  westward  across  the  continent. 

Pod,  several-seeded. 

A  slender  climber,  smooth  or  nearly  so,  the  square  stem 
oftenest  broadly  winged  at  the  angles,  two  to  four  feet  in 
length. 

The  variety  called  Myrtle-Leaved  Vetchling  (var.  myrti- 
fblius,  G.  ;  L.  myrtifblius,  Muhl.)  has  the  leaflets  egg- 


-  35-— Swamp  Vetchling.    (L.  paltistris,  L.) 
Fig.  36. — Spreading  Vetchling.     [L.  prate"nsis,  L.] 


68  Rose  (Rosacecz).  [No.  s 

shape  to  oblong,  one  inch  or  less  in  length,  with  the 
stipules  usually  larger  and  broader  than  in  the  type,  and 
with  the  stem  often  only  slightly  winged.  It  is  found  as 
far  south  as  North  Carolina. 

Fig.  36. — Spreading  Vetchling.     [Z.  pratensis,  Z.] 
Flowers,  yellow,  in  few-blossomed  clusters. 

Leaflets,  one  pair,  narrow,  lance-shape  to  line-like.  Apex+ 
pointed.  Stipules,  half  arrow-shape,  half  the  length, 
or  more,  of  the  leaflets. 

Found,  in  Massachusetts,  New  York,  and  Ontario. 
A  low,  straggling  vine  introduced  from  Europe. 

No.  8.— Family  ROSACE/E.     (Rose  Fam.) 

Flowers,  regular.  Petals,  not  united,  inserted  with  the 
stamens  on  the  edge  of  a  disk  that  lines  the  tube  of 
the  calyx.  Sepals,  united  toward  the  base,  often  ac- 
companied outside  by  a  row  of  small  leaf-like  bracts. 
Stamens,  numerous,  inserted  as  above.  Seed-case  s* 
several  to  many,  free  from  the  calyx  excepting  in 
Genus  Rosa  (4)  where  the  many  seed-cases  are  em- 
bedded in  the  inner  surface  of  the  more  or  less 
rounded  calyx-tube. 

Leaves,  compound,  except  in  Dalibarda  (2),  alternate, 
edges  toothed. 

Fruit,  seed-like  drupes,  drupelets,  or  achenes. 

GUIDE    TO    GENERA. 

(a)  Flowers,  white. 

(<$)  Leaves,  compound.      Fruit,   a    collection    of    fleshy 

drupelets,      (i)  Riibus  (Blackberry.      Raspberry). 
(b)  Leaves,  simple.      Fruit,   a  collection   of  nearly  dry, 

seed-like  drupes.      (2)  Dalibarda  (False  Violet). 


NO.  8]  Rose  (  Rosacecz).  69 

(a)  Flowers,  yellow.  Leaflets,  three  (apparently  five,  by 
the  parting  of  the  side  leaflets).  Fruit,  a  dry  head 
of  achenes.  (3)  Potentilla  (Cinquefoil). 

(a)  Flowers,  rose,  changing-  to  white.  Leaflets,  three  to 
five.  Fruit,  globular,  enclosing  bony  achenes.  (4) 
Rosa  (Rose). 

(i)  Genus  RUBUS,  Tourn.      (Raspberry.      Blackberry.) 

From  a  word  meaning  "  red." 

Flowers,  white.  Petals,  five  distinct,  soon  falling.  Sepals, 
five,  partly  united,  spreading.  Stamens,  numerous, 
on  the  edge  of  the  disk.  Seed-cases,  many,  each  with 
two  young  seeds,  only  one  of  which  ripens,  crowded 
on  a  lengthened  fleshy  receptacle. 

Leaves,  compound.  Stems,  armed  with  prickles,  except  in 
Dwarf  Raspberry  (R.  triflorus,  Rich). 

Fruit,  a  pulpy,  edible  "berry,"  so  called,  formed  by  the 
ripened  seed-cases  ;  really,  a  mass  of  small  drupes. 

Leaf  resembling  Fig.  37. — Dwarf  Raspberry.     R.  triflorus,  Rich. 

Flowers,  white,  one  to  three  on  a  slender  stem.  Petals, 
small,  erect,  slightly  longer  than  the  sepals.  Petals 
and  sepals  often  six  or  seven. 

Leaflets,  three  or  five,  one  to  two  inches  long,  double- 
toothed,  thin  and  nearly  smooth. 

Stem,  slightly  woody  or  herbaceous,  with  herbaceous 
branches,  short  (six  to  twelve  inches),  without 
prickles,  ascending  or  trailing. 

Fruit,  rather  sour,  dark  red,  of  a  few  disconnected  grains, 
which,  when  ripe,  separate  from  the  receptacle. 

Found,  from  New  Jersey  northward  and  westward,  in  moist 
woods. 


70  Rose  ( Rosacecz).  [No.  8 

Fig-  37- — Low  Blackberry.     Dewberry.     R.  Canademis,  L. 

Flowers,  with  leaf-like  bracts,  in  clusters,  on  slender,  soli- 
tary cluster-stems.  Petals,  large,  reverse  egg-shape, 
twice  as  long  as  the  sepals.  May. 

Leaflets,  three  (rarely  five  or  seven),  one  to  one  and  a  half 
inches  long,  nearly  stemless,  oval  to  broad  lance-shape, 
nearly  smooth. 

Fruit,  black,  half  to  one  inch  in  diameter,  very  juicy  and 
sweet,  not  separating  when  ripe  from  the  lengthened 
receptacle.  A  collection  of  drupelets.  July  and 
August. 

Found,  common  in  dry  open  ground  from  Newfoundland 
to  Virginia,  and  westward. 

A  woody  vine  with  valuable  fruit.  Stem  somewhat 
prickly,  and  trailing  extensively. 

Leaf  resembling  Fig.  37. — Running  Swamp  Blackberry  (R. 
hispidus,  Z,.). 

Flowers,  small,  in  clusters  of  several  to  many  blossoms. 
Cluster-stems,  often  bristly. 

Leaflets,  three  (rarely  five),  one  to  two  inches  in  length  or 
smaller  on  the  branchlets.  Edges,  toothed,  entire 
toward  the  base.  Apex,  pointed  or  on  the  branchlets 
sometimes  blunt.  Base,  mostly  rounded,  or  on  the 
branchlets  sometimes  pointed. 

Fruit,  black,  of  few  grains,  sour. 

Found,  in  swampy  or  low  ground  from  Nova  Scotia  to 
Georgia  and  westward. 

A  slender  vine,  scarcely  woody ;  trailing  several  feet, 
with  more  or  less  erect  branches  eight  to  twelve  inches 
high.  The  main  stem  and  the  larger  leaf-stems  are  armed 


7i  Fig.  37.— Low  Blackberry.     (R.  Canattensis,  L.) 


72  Rose  (Rosacecz).  [No.  8 

with  small,  reflexed,  bristle-like  prickles.     The  leaves  are 
mostly  persistent  through  the  winter. 

(2)  Genus  DALIBARDA,  L. 

From  the  name  of  a  French  botanist. 

Fig.  38.— False  Violet.    D.  ripens,  L. 

Flowers,  white,  one  (or  sometimes  two)  on  a  long  stem. 
Petals,  five,  soon  falling,  reverse  egg-shape,  longer 
than  the  sepals.  Calyx,  deeply  five-  or  six-parted, 
with  three  of  the  lobes  longer  than  the  others,  and 
toothed  ;  spreading  in  flower,  but  closing  around  the 
seed-case  in  fruit.  Stamens,  many.  Styles,  five  to 
ten,  long.  Seed-cases,  five  to  ten.  June,  August. 

Leaves,  simple,  rounded,  one  to  two  inches  in  diameter. 
Edge,  blunt-toothed ;  downy.  Base,  heart-shape. 
Apex,  blunt.  Leaf-stem,  slender,  one  to  three 
inches  in  length. 

Fruit,  a  head  of  nearly  dry,  seed-like  drupes. 

Found,  common  in  low  woods  from  Pennsylvania  to 
Canada. 

A   low,   perennial  herb,  downy,  with  creeping,  closely- 
tufted  stems,  one  to  twelve  inches  in  length. 

(3)  Genus  POTENTI'LLA,  L. 

From  a  word  meaning  "  powerful,"  because  of  the  supposed  medicinal  qualities  of  one 
of  the  species. 

Fig-  39- — Cinquefoil.  Five-finger.  P.  Canade'nsis,  L. 
Flowers,  yellow,  solitary,  on  long  axillary  stems.  ,Petals, 
five,  rounded,  or  reverse  heart-shape,  as  long  as  the 
calyx.  Calyx,  spreading,  deeply  five-cleft,  with  five 
bractlets  between  the  lobes,  so  appearing  to  be  ten- 
cleft.  Stamens,  many,  with  slender  filaments.  April 
to  August. 


Fig.  38.— False  Violet.    (D.  repens,  L.) 
73  Fig.  39.— Cinquefoil.     (P.  Canad<§nsis,  L.) 

YOUNG  LEAVES. 


74  Rose  (Rosacecz).  [No.  8 

Leaves,  variable  in  size,  compound,  with  radiating  leaflets. 
Leaflets,  three,  but  apparently  five  by  the  dividing  of 
the  side  leaflets  ;  somewhat  wedge-shape  or  reverse 
egg-shape,  toothed,  nearly  smooth  above.  Very 
rarely  there  may  be  seven  apparent  leaflets.  Stipules, 
hairy,  often  divided. 

Fruit,  a  head  of  smooth  achenes  on  a  dry,  very  hairy  re- 
ceptacle. 

Found,  common  in  dry  soil,  in  Canada  and  the  United 
States. 

A  slender  prostrate  vine,  perennial,  herbaceous,  more  or 
less  hairy  ;  from  a  few  inches  in  length  to  a  foot  or  more ; 
often  spreading  by  runners. 


A  seven-leaved  cinquefoil  shares  with  the  four-leaved 
clover  its  reputation  for  magical  virtues.  Let  the  finder 
sleep  with  it  beneath  her  pillow,  and,  if  its  reputation  is  de- 
served, "  she  will  dream  of  the  lover  whom  she  is  to  have, 
as  sure  as  the  dead  man  lies  in  his  grave." 

(4)  Genus  ROSA,  Tourn. 

Fig.  40.— Climbing    Rose.    Prairie    Rose.    Michigan    Rose. 

R.  setigera,  MX. 

Flowers,  two  to  three  inches  across,  in  clusters,  only 
slightly  fragrant.  Petals,  five,  deep  rose  color, 
changing  to  white.  Calyx  and  stalks  dotted  with 
small  glands.  Sepals,  pointed,  Styles,  united  in  a 
protruding  column  as  long  as  the  stamens.  July. 

Leaflets,  three  to  five,  egg-shape,  edges  toothed.  Apex, 
pointed. 

Fruit,  called  a  "  hip,"  globular  with  the  bony  achenes  on 
the  inside. 


75 


Fig.  40.— Climbing  Rose.     (R.  setigera,  MX.) 
Fig.  41.— Yellowish  Passion-Flower.     (P.  l&tea,  L.) 


76       Passion- Flower  ( Passifloracece).  [No.  9 

Found,  in  damp  ground  from  Ontario  to  South  Carolina 
and  Florida,  and  west  to  Wisconsin  and  Texas  ;  also 
in  cultivation. 

An  extensively  climbing  vine,  the  only  native  climbing 
rose  of  America,  as  it  is  the  only  one  also  with  united  and 
exserted  styles.  The  stems  are  armed  with  a  few  stout 
prickles.  Vigorous  shoots  sometimes  grow  from  ten  to 
twenty  feet  in  a  season.  There  are  about  twenty  varieties 
of  the  species  in  cultivation  ;  one  of  them  is  the  favorite 
Baltimore  Belle. 

No.  9.— Family  PASSIFLORACE^.      (Passion-Flower 
Fam.) 

Genus  PASSIFLORA,  L. 

From  words  meaning  "  passion"  and  "  flower"  because  of  a  fancied  resemblance  in 
the  parts  of  the  flower  to  the  implements  of  the  Crucifixion. 

Fig.  41.— Yellowish  Passion-Flower.  P.  lutea,  L. 
Flowers,  greenish-yellow,  about  one  inch  across  ;  on 
jointed  stems,  solitary  or  in  pairs  from  the  axils  of 
the  leaves.  Petals,  five,  not  united,  inserted  on  the 
throat  of  the  calyx.  Sepals,  five,  colored  like  the 
petals,  at  least  within  ;  united  toward  the  base  into  a 
shallow  cup  ;  the  edges  of  the  cup  furnished  with  a 
delicate  triple  fringe.  Stamens,  five,  united  below  so 
as  to  form  a  sheath  around  the  long  stem  of  the 
seed- case.  Anthers,  large,  balanced  at  their  centres. 
Styles,  three,  with  club-like  stigmas.  Seed-case,  free, 
one-celled,  many-seeded,  raised  on  a  sheathed  stem. 
May,  July. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  three-lobed  toward  the  apex, 
heart-shaped  at  the  base ;  the  lobes  blunt  ;  edges 
entire.  Stipules,  present.  Leaf-stems,  without 
glands. 


NO.  9]  ( Passion- Flower  Passifloracece).       77 

Fruit,    dark    purple,    oval,    one   half    inch   in   diameter; 
numerous-seeded.     A  pulpy  berry. 

Found,  in  damp  thickets  from  Southern   Pennsylvania  to 
Florida,  and  westward. 

A   smooth,  slender  vine,  herbaceous,  from   five   to   ten 
feet  long",  climbing  by  axillary  tendrils. 


The  Blue  Passion-Flower  (P.  carulea,  L.),  often  culti- 
vated for  its  foliage  and  its  showy  blossoms,  is  a  native  of 
Brazil. 

There  it  often  grows  to  a  distance  of  thirty  feet,  with  a 
woody  stem  four  or  five  inches  in  diameter. 


A  southern  species,  P.  incarnbta,  L.,  having  blossoms 
two  inches  or  more  across  with  white  or  purplish  petals 
and  crown,  and  with  markings  of  green  and  of  deeper 
purple,  is  well  worthy  of  cultivation.  Its  fruit  (commonly 
named  May-pop)  is  as  large  as  an  egg,  and  edible.  This 
species  is  found  as  far  north  as  Kentucky  and  Virginia, 
and  in  some  places  is  so  abundant  as  to  be  looked  upon  as 
a  troublesome  weed. 

There  are  some  one  hundred  and  twenty  species  of  the 
Passion-Flower,  nearly  all  of  them  found  only  in  the 
Western  Continent,  and  most  of  them  only  in  the  Tropics. 
Five  of  them  are  found  in  the  Atlantic  States,  but  only 
one  of  the  five  (our  P.  lutea,  L.)  as  far  north  as  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Illinois. 


The  name  Passion-Flower  was  given,  probably  by  the 
early  Spanish  missionaries  to  this  country,  because  the 
parts  of  the  flower  and  of  the  plant  serve  so  strangely  well 
as  reminders  of  the  crucifixion  of  our  Lord.  In  the  pal- 
mate leaves  (less  marked  in  our  species  than  in  others) 


7§  Gourd  (Cucurbit  acecs).          [No.  10 

they  saw  the  hands  of  Christ's  enemies  ;  in  the  coiled  ten- 
drils, scourges.  The  delicate  spreading  rays  reminded 
them  of  the  nimbus,  or  halo,  about  His  head,  and  of  the 
crown  of  thorns.  The  three  styles  with  their  stigmas 
suggested  the  three  nails — two  for  the  hands,  and  one  for 
the  crossed  feet ;  the  five  anthers,  the  five  wounds,  or 
sometimes  the  hammers  for  driving  the  nails.  Also  the 
position  of  the  spreading  stigmas  was  suggestive  of  the 
cross  itself.  The  ten  parts  of  the  flower  stood  for  the  ten 
disciples,  omitting  Judas  and  Peter. 

So  the  flowers,  which  in  many  places  were  very  common, 
came  to  be  constant  reminders  of  the  Christ. 

No.   io.— Family    CUCURBITACE/E.     (Gourd  Fam.) 
(i)  Genus  SICYOS,  L. 

The  Greek  name  for  the  cucumber. 

Fig.  42. — One-Seeded  Bur-Cucumber.     S.  angulatus,  L. 

flowers,  small,  whitish  ;  in  two  forms,  both  from  the  same 
axil :  the  pistillate  form  in  rounded  clusters,  the  sta- 
minate  form  in  lengthened  clusters.  Petals,  five, 
spreading,  united  toward  the  base.  Calyx,  five- 
toothed.  Stamens,  five.  Anthers,  united  in  a  single 
mass.  Style,  slender.  Stigmas,  three.  Seed-case,  one- 
celled,  one-seeded,  adherent  to  the  calyx.  July  to 
September. 

Leaves,  three  to  five  inches  across,  simple,  alternate,  five- 
angled  or  five-lobed,  rounded,  heart-shape.  Ends  of 
the  lobes  pointed,  edges  toothed,  the  hollows  rounded 
and  shallow.  Surfaces  downy.  Leaf-stems,  hairy. 
Tendrils,  three-branched  or  more,  the  branches  in 
spirals. 


79        Fig-  42.— One-Seeded  Bur-Cucumber.    (S.  angulatus,  L.) 


8c  Go^t,rd  ( Cucurbitacece ) .          [No.  10 

Fruit,  eight  to  ten  cucumbers  in  a  crowded  cluster,  each 
egg-shape,  one  half  inch  long,  becoming  dry,  not 
splitting  in  ripening,  filled  by  the  one  seed,  covered 
by  barbed  and  easily-detached  bristles.  A  pepo. 

Found,  in  damp  and  waste  places  from  Canada  to  Florida 
and  westward. 

A  weak,  hairy  vine,  herbaceous,  with  branching  stems, 
climbing  extensively  by  half  of  its  abundant  forked  and 
spiral  tendrils.  It  is  useful  in  cultivation  for  screens. 


The  spiral  contraction  of  a  tendril  after  it  has  caught  a 
support  is  in  various  ways  of  high  service  to  the  plant. 
Sometimes  it  serves  to  lift  it  toward  the  light.  Always 
it  makes  the  hold  of  the  plant  more  elastic,  and  therefore 
safer,  as  the  hold  of  a  ship  at  anchor  is  made  safer  by  a 
twisted  rope  than  it  could  be  by  a  straight  wire.  The 
pretty  plant-ships  are  struck  by  a  gale  of  wind,  roughly  as 
a  fleet  of  men-of-war  in  the  Bay  of  Biscay.  Do  they 
founder  before  it  ?  No,  they  rock  and  roll,  and  the  tiny 
cables  stretch,  but  will  not  break.  If  anything  yields,  it 
will  be  the  anchorage,  not  the  cables. 


"  When  a  tendril  has  caught  a  support,  and  is  spirally 
contracted,  there  are  always  as  many  turns  in  one  direction 
as  in  the  other,  so  that  the  twisting  of  the  axis  in  one  di- 
rection is  exactly  compensated  by  the  twisting  in  the 
other." — DARWIN. 

Commonly  there  is  but  one  change  of  direction  in  the 
coil,  and  that  at  the  centre,  but  whether  one  or  as  many 
as  seven  or  eight,  always  the  total  turns  in  one  direction 
are  as  many  as  in  the  other. 


NO.  10]          Gourd  (Cucurbitacece).  81 

Darwin  shows  the  principle  of  this  motion  by  a  familiar 
example  : 

"  When  a  haberdasher  winds  up  a  ribbon  for  a  cus- 
tomer he  does  not  wind  it  into  a  single  coil,  for  if  he  did 
the  ribbon  would  twist  itself  as  many  times  as  there  are 
coils  [turns],  but  he  winds  it  into  a  figure  eight  on  his 
thumb  and  little  finger,  so  that  he  alternately  takes  turns 
in  opposite  directions,  and  thus  the  ribbon  is  not  twisted. 
So  it  is  with  the  tendrils,  with  this  sole  difference — they 
take  several  consecutive  turns  in  one  direction,  and  then 
the  same  number  in  an  opposite  direction,  but  in  both 
cases  the  self-twisting  is  avoided." — DARWIN'S  CLIMBING 
PLANTS. 

So  also  the  housemaid,  to  avoid  snarling  her  long 
clothes-line,  winds  it  into  a  figure  eight  between  her  hand 
and  her  elbow. 


[See  further  concerning  tendrils  under  Ft/is,  pages  j8,  19.] 

(2)  Genus  MICRAMPELIS,  MX.     (ECHINOCYSTIS,  T.  and  G.) 
Fig.  43.— Wild  Balsam- Apple.     M.  lobata  (MxJ,  Green. 

Flowers,  very  small,  greenish-white  ;  in  two  forms,  both 
from  the  same  axil  ;  the  pistillate  form  in  small  clus- 
ters or  solitary,  the  staminate  form  in  lengthened 
compound  clusters,  often  one  foot  in  length.  Petals* 
six,  spreading,  united  at  the  base.  Sepals,  six,  slender, 
shorter  than  the  petals.  Stamens,  three.  Style,  very 
short.  Stigmas,  two,  large.  Seed-case,  two-celled, 
four-seeded.  July  to  September. 


82  Gourd  ( Cucurbitacece).          [No.  10 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  thin,  deeply  five-lobed.  Base, 
heart-shape.  Tendrils,  three-forked. 

Fruit,  oval,  two  inches  long,  fleshy,  becoming  dry,  covered 
with  weak  prickles,  two-celled,  opening  at  apex  when 
ripe.  Seeds,  four,  large,  flat,  dark.  A  pepo. 

Found,  in  rich  soil  from  Canada  to  Pennsylvania,  Eastern 
Kansas  and  Texas. 

An  extensively  climbing,  herbaceous  annual,  nearly 
smooth,  with  abundant  foliage,  useful  for  screens  and 
arbors. 


83  Fig.  43.— Wild  Balsam-Apple.     M.  lobata  (Mx.),  Green. 


CLASS   FIRST—  Continued 
(EXOGENS) 


DIVISION  II 

CALYX  AND  COROLLA  USUALLY  BOTH    PRESENT— THE   LATTER 
OF  UNITED  PETALS 


(GAMOPETALOUS) 


No.    ii.— Family  CAPRIFOLlACE^.     (Honeysuckle 
Fam.) 

Flowers,  tubular,  narrow  bell-form,  or  funnel-form.  Petals, 
five,  united.  Stamens,  inserted  on  the  corolla  and  as 
many  as  its  lobes, — or  in  Linnaea  (i)  one  less  than 
the  lobes.  Styles,  one.  Stigmas,  three  to  five. 
Seed-case,  two-  or  three-celled,  adherent  to  the  calyx. 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  entire — or  sometimes  in  Linnaea 
(i)  very  slightly  lobed,  or  wavy — without  real 
stipules. 

Fruit,  one-  to  several-seeded.     A  berry  or  a  capsule. 


GUIDE    TO    THE    GENERA. 

Herbaceous,  Stamens  4.     (i)  Linnaea  (Twin-Flower). 
Woody,  Stamens  5.     (2)  Lonicera  (Honeysuckles). 

(i)  Genus  LINN^A,  Gr. 

Named  for  Linnaeus,  who  especially  loved  the  delicate  Linmia  borealis  that  is 
described  below. 

Fig.  44.— Twin-Flower.     L.  borealis,  L. 

Flowers,  nodding,  very  fragrant,  in  pairs  on  long  stems 
from  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Corolla,  rose-color  to 
whitish,  narrow  bell-shape,  five-lobed,  soft-hairy  at 
the  throat.  Calyx,  five-toothed.  Stamens,  four,  in 
two  pairs  of  different  length.  Seed-case,  adherent  to 
the  calyx,  three-celled  (two  of  the  cells  abortive). 
87 


88        Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacecz).     [No.n 

Cluster-stems,  about    three    inches    in    length,   erect, 
slightly  hairy.     June. 

Leaves,  small,  simple,  opposite,  rounded,  with  scattered 
hairs,  sometimes  with  very  slightly  lobed  or  wavy 
edge. 

Fruit,  dry.  Cells,  three  (two  of  them  abortive),  ripening 
but  one  seed.  A  capsule. 

Found,  in  damp  woods  and  bogs  from  the  mountains  of 
Maryland  far  westward,  and  northward  to  the  Arctic 
Ocean. 

A  delicate  trailing  plant,  evergreen,  herbaceous,  with 
slender  steins  that  branch  and  root  until  they  carpet  the 
ground. 

I  was  a  boy  on  a  tramp  among  the  mountains  of  New 
Hampshire,  when  I  first  found  these  pretty  and  fragrant 
little  bells  among  wide  reaches  of  damp  moss.  I  did  not 
know  then  of  Linnaeus'  liking  for  the  flower,  and  I  knew 
little  of  botany,  but  I  ranked  it  then  and  have  ranked  it 
ever  since  as  among  the  daintiest  of  all  the  flowers  that 
grow. 

There  is  said  to  be  a  portrait  of  Linnaeus  in  which  the 
button-hole  of  the  coat  is  ornamented  with  this  flower. 

(2)  Genus  LONICERA,  L.  (Honeysuckle). 

From  the  name  of  a  German  botanist  of  the  sixteenth  century. 

Flowers,  tubular,  or  funnel-form,  in  stemless  clusters  in  the 
axils  of  the  upper  leaves.  Corolla,  five-cleft,  often 
swollen  at  the  base.  Calyx,  small,  and  very  short 
five-toothed.  Stamens,  five.  Seed-case,  two-  or  three- 
celled,  few-seeded,  adherent  to  the  calyx. 


8g 


Fig.  44.— Twin-Flower.    (L.  borealis,  L.) 


90        Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece).     [No.  n 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  entire. 

Fruit,  red  or  orange,  several-seeded,  marked  with  the  per- 
sistent teeth  of  the  calyx.  A  berry. 

Woody  vines. 

Fig.  45. — Trumpet  Honeysuckle.    L.  sempervirens,  Ait. 

Flowers,  trumpet-shape,  nearly  regular,  without  fragrance, 
about  two  inches  long.  Corolla,  deep  red  without, 
or  rarely  yellowish,  yellowish  within  ;  bulging  on  one 
side.  Stamens  and  style  only  slightly  exserted.  May 
to  July. 

Leaves,  variable,  ovate  to  oblong  or  lance-shape,  smooth, 
the  upper  united  by  their  bases,  the  lower  with  stems  ; 
in  the  South  persistent  and  evergreen,  but  falling  in 
the  North. 

Found,  very  common  in  cultivation,  and  wild  from 
Connecticut  to  Indiana  and  southward. 

A  showy  and  vigorous  twining  shrub,  sometimes  in 
rich  soil  climbing  to  the  top  of  forest  trees.  Very  orna- 
mental in  cultivation. 

Blossom  resembling  Fig.  46. — American  Woodbine.  Evergreen 
Honeysuckle.  Yellow  Honeysuckle.  L.  grata,  Ait. 

Flowers,  very  fragrant,  spreading  at  the  mouth  ;  the  lower 
lip  narrow,  the  upper  lip  broad  and  four-toothed,  in 
clusters  of  five  or  six  blossoms.  Corolla,  about  one 
and  a  half  inches  long  ;  the  slender  tube  reddish  or 
purplish,  the  rest  whitish,  all  changing  to  yellowish  ; 
smooth  within,  not  swollen  and  not  hairy  at  the  base. 
Stamens  and  style  smooth  and  much  exserted.  May, 
June. 


V 


gi       Fig.  45.— Trumpet  Honeysuckle.     (L.  sempervirens,  Ait.) 


9 2         Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacece).     [No.  n 

Leaves,  evergreen,  opposite,  sometimes  in  threes,  smooth, 
usually  reverse  egg-shape,  the  upper  ones  united  by 
their  bases.  Young  branches,  often  hairy. 

Found,  in  cultivation,  and  wild,  from  New  Jersey  west- 
ward, and  southward  to  the  mountains  of  Carolina. 

A   vigorous,  shrubby   twiner,  ten   to  twenty  feet  long. 
Cultivated  for  its  fragrant  flowers  and  its  foliage. 


Fig.  46. — Japanese  Honeysuckle.   [Z.  Japdnica,  T.] 

Flowers,  about  one  and  a  half  inches  long,  in  pairs  in  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  fragrant,  spreading  at  the  mouth, 
the  lower  lip  narrow,  the  upper  lip  broad  and  toothed, 
white,  changing  to  yellowish.  Tube  of  corolla,  some- 
what hairy  within  and  without. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  and  a  half  inches  long,  oval  to  egg- 
shape,  opposite,  never  united.  Young  branches, 
hairy. 

Found,  common  in  cultivation,  and  sometimes  escaped. 

A  vigorous,  shrubby  vine,  widely   cultivated  for  its  fra- 
grant flowers  and  its  foliage. 

Leaf  resembling  Fig.  45. — Hairy  Honeysuckle.     L.  hirsiita,  Eaton. 

Flowers,  orange-yellow,  sticky  ;  tube,  slender,  one  half  inch 
or  less  in  length,  swollen  at  the  base,  hairy  within. 
Mouth,  lips,  stamens,  and  style  as  in  the  last,  but  the 
filaments  bearded. 

Leaves,  egg-shape  to  broad-oval,  usually  hairy  above  and 
on  the  edges  ;  downy-hairy  beneath  ;  the  upper  ones 
united  by  their  bases,  the  rest  with  short  stems  ;  veins 
prominent.  Branches,  downy-hairy. 


93  Fig.  46.— Japanese  Honeysuckle.     [L.  Japdnica,  T.] 


94         Honeysuckle  (Caprifoliacecz).    [No.n 

Found,  in  damp  ground  from  Pennsylvania  northward  and 
westward. 

A  somewhat  coarse  and  large-leaved  vine,  twining  often 
to  the  height  of  fifteen  or  twenty  feet. 

Leaf  resembling  Fig.  45. — Yellow  Honeysuckle.     L.  Sullivdntii,  G. 

Flowers,  fragrant,  light  yellow,  usually  in  clusters  of  about 
ten  blossoms  ;  tube,  about  one  half  inch  long,  not 
swollen  at  base,  hairy  within  ;  the  mouth,  lips, 
stamens,  and  style,  as  in  the  last,  but  the  filaments 
nearly  smooth.  May  to  July. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  in  length,  smooth,  oval  to 
reverse  egg-shape,  becoming  much  whitened  ;  stem- 
less,  and  on  the  flowering  branchlets  oftenest  united 
at  their  bases  in  pairs. 

Found,  from  New  York  to  Georgia  and  westward. 

A   smooth   woody  vine,  scarcely  twining,  three  to   six 
feet  in  height. 

Fig.  47.— Small-Leaved  Honeysuckle.     L.  glauca,  Hill.    (L. 
parvifblia,  Lam.,  and  part  of  var.  Dougldsii,  G.) 

Flowers,  in  clusters  usually  of  crowded  blossoms  ;  greenish- 
yellow  or  tinged  with  red.  Tube,  one  third  inch  in 
length,  hairy  within.  Mouth,  lips,  stamens,  and  style, 
as  in  the  Woodbine  (Z.  grcita),  but  the  style  and  the 
base  of  the  filaments  hairy. 

Leaves,  two  to  three  inches  in  length  or  more,  oblong, 
the  upper  ones  united  at  the  base  in  pairs,  the  others 
either  united  or  separate  and  stemless. 

Found,  from  Pennsylvania  westward  and  northward. 
A  smooth  twining-  vine  three  to  five  feet  hip-h. 


95        Fig.  47.— Small-Leaved  Honeysuckle.     (L.  glaQca,  Hill.) 


96  Madder  (Rubiacea).  [NO.  12 

No.    12.— Family  RUBlACE^.     (Madder  Fam.) 

GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

Vine,  pVostrate  ;   stems,  cylindrical,     (i)    Mitchella,  L. 
(Partridge- Berry). 

Vine,   ascending ;    stems,   square.       (2)   Galium    (Bed- 
straw). 

(i)  Genus  MITCHELLA,   L. 

Named  for  John  Mitchell,  an  early  botanist  of  Virginia. 

Fig.  48.— Partridge-Berry.    M.  ripens,  L. 

Flowers,  about  one  half  inch  long,  terminal  in  pairs  ; 
white,  often  purple-tinged,  very  fragrant.  Corolla, 
funnel-form,  four-lobed,  densely  hairy  within.  Calyx, 
four-toothed.  Stamens,  four,  inserted  on  the  tube  of 
the  corolla  and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Style,  one. 
Stigmas,  four,  line-like.  In  some  specimens  the  sta- 
mens are  exserted  and  the  stigmas  included,  in  others 
the  stamens  are  included  and  the  stigmas  exserted. 
Seed-case,  one  for  the  pair  of  flowers,  adherent  to  the 
calyx,  four-celled  ;  one  young  seed  in  each  cell.  June, 

July. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  connected 
around  the  stem  by  minute  stipules,  one  half  to  five 
sixths  of  an  inch  in  length  ;  round  egg-shape,  slightly 
heart-shaped  at  the  base,  with  short  stems,  smooth 
and  shining,  and  often  marked  with  whitish  lines, 
turning  black  in  drying. 

Fruit,  a  bright  red,  edible  berry,  curious  for  its  double 
structure — one  berry  for  the  pair  of  flowers,  crowned 
with  two  sets  of  calyx-teeth,  and  with  eight  small 
seeds.  A  berry-like  double  drupe. 


97 


Fig.  48.— Partridge-Berry.     (M.  repens,  L.) 


98  Madder  ( Rubiacece ) .  [No.  12 

Found,  northward  and  southward,  in  dry  woods,  especially 
about  the  trunks  of  pines. 

A  pretty  trailing  and  woody  little  evergreen,  one  to 
two  feet  in  length,  retaining  its  berries  and  its  leaves 
throughout  the  winter.  In  color  and  size  the  red  berries 
resemble  the  Checkerberry,  for  which  they  are  sometimes 
mistaken — needlessly  mistaken,  however,  for  their  double 
"  eyes  "  and  their  lack  of  spicy  flavor  easily  distinguish 
them. 

(2)  GALIUM,  L.     (Bedstraw). 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  milk"  because  the  flowers  of  one  species,  G.  verum, 
were  used  for  curdling  milk. 

Flowers,  very  small,  in  clusters  ;  the  cluster-stems  form 
the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Corolla,  four-parted,  wheel- 
shape.  Calyx,  minutely  four-toothed  or  entire. 
Stamens,  four,  short,  inserted  on  the  tube  of  the  corolla, 
and  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Style,  two,  united  at  the 
base.  Seed-case,  adherent  to  the  calyx. 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  or  in  whorls  around  the  slender 
stems  ;  entire,  without  stipules. 

Fruit,  dry,  round,  double,  separating  when  ripe  into  two 
one-seeded  parts.  Achenes  or  nutlets. 

Weak  climbing  and  leaning  herbs,  with  square  stems 
that  in  most  species  are  very  rough  on  the  edges. 


Fig.  49. — Bedstraw.     Goose-Grass.     Cleavers.     G.  Apartne,  L. 

Flowers,  white,  numerous.  Cluster-stems,  branching, 
each  branch  bearing  one  or  two  (sometimes  three) 
blossoms.  June. 


99 


Fig.  49- — Bedstraw.      (G.  Aparine,  L.) 
Fig,  50. — Rough  Bedstraw.     (G.  asprellum,  MX.) 


ioo  Madder  ( Riibiacece ) .  [No.  12 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  in  length,  very  narrow,  about 
eight  in  a  whorl  (sometimes  only  six),  lance-shape  or 
reverse  lance-shape,  rough  on  the  mid-veins  and  the 
edges. 

Fruit,  covered  with  very  fine  hooked  prickles,  which 
when  ripe  cling  at  a. touch,  so  aiding  in  the  distribu- 
tion of  the  seed. 

Found,  in  shaded  ground  from  Indiana  through  the 
Northern  States  to  Canada. 

A  weak  vine  several  feet  in  length  ;  its  stems  reclining, 
hairy  at  the  joints,  square,  and  rough  with  downward- 
pointing  bristle-prickles,  by  help  of  which  the  vine  climbs. 
The  root  yields  a  red  dye,  and  the  leaves  are  used 
medicinally. 


"  As  girls  we  used  to  rub  from  the  fruit  the  prickles,  and 
then  play  the  white  seeds  within  were  pearls.  The  lustre 
was  indeed  very  pearl-like,  but  it  would  not  last." 


Fig.  50. — Rough  Bedstraw.   Rough  Cleavers.    G.asprellum,Mx. 

Flowers,  white,  numerous.  Cluster-stems,  two  or  three 
times  forked. 

Leaves,  five  twelfths  to  two  thirds  inch  in  length,  four  to 
six  in  a  whorl  (usually  six  on  the  main  stems,  and 
four  or  five  on  the  branches),  one-veined,  the  mar- 
gins and  the  mid-vein  roughened  with  prickles,  lance- 
shape  to  oval,  sharp-pointed. 

Fruit,  minute,  smooth,  or  often  when  young  slightly 
hairy. 


NO.  12]  Madder  ( R^lb^ace(z).  101 

Foiind,    common    in    thickets    and    low    ground     in     the 
Northern  States  and  Canada. 

A  weak  vine  two  to  five  feet  in  length,  much  branching. 
Its  stems  are  reclining,  square,  and  rough  with  minute 
downward-pointing  and  hooked  prickles  by  help  of  which 
the  vine  clines  and  climbs. 


Resembling  Fig.  50. — Small  Bedstraw.     G.  trifidum,  L. 

Flowers,  very  small,  white,  on  one-  to  seven-flowered 
stems.  Petals  and  stamens,  often  only  three. 

Leaves,  unequal,  in  whorls  of  four  to  six  or  seven,  line- 
like  to  reverse  lance-shape,  not  sharp-pointed,  three 
twelfths  to  seven  twelfths  inch  long,  one-veined ; 
edge  and  mid-vein,  rough. 

Fruit,  smooth. 

Found,  in  boggy  and  wet  ground  throughout  the  conti- 
nent. 

A  weak,  ascending  vine,  one  to  two  feet  long,  branch- 
ing and  interlacing,  with  the  steins  usually  roughened 
backwards  on  the  edges.  Dries  black. 


Fig.  51. — Sweet-Scented  Bedstraw.     G.  triflbrum,  MX. 

Flowers,  greenish-white.  Cluster-stems,  mostly  three- 
blossomed. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  in  length,  four  to  six  in  a 
whorl,  one-veined,  the  margins  slightly  roughened, 
lance-shape  to  oval  or  to  reverse  egg-shape  ;  bristle- 
pointed. 


102  Composite  (Composite).         [No.  13 

Fruit,  covered  and  whitened,  with  hooked  bristles. 

Found,  in  rich,  damp  ground  throughout  the  United 
States  and  Canada. 

A  weak  vine,  one  to  three  feet  in  length,  with  the 
angles  of  the  stem  roughened  backwards.  The  plant  is 
fragrant  in  drying. 

Fig.   52.— Hairy  Bedstraw.     G,pilbstim,  Ait. 

Flowers,  purplish.  Flower-stems,  two-  or  three-forked. 
July  to  Sept. 

Leaves,  one  inch  long  (or  sometimes  less),  four  in  a  whorl, 
oval,  not  bristle-pointed,  three-nerved  ;  surface  some- 
what hairy  and  dotted. 

Fruit,  beset  with  hooked  hairs. 

Found,  from  Vermont  to  Illinois  and  southward. 

A  weak  perennial  vine,  one  to  three  feet  long,  reclining 
or  sometimes  erect.  Stems  branching,  hairy  on  the  edges 
or  somewhat  rough. 

No.  13.— Family  COMPOSITE.     (Composite  Fam.) 
Genus  MIKANIA,  Willd. 

Named  after  a  botanist  of  Prague. 

Fig.    53-— Climbing    Hemp-Weed.     Climbing    Boneset.    J/l 

scdndens,  L. 

Flowers,  flesh-colored  to  pale  purplish,  in  clusters  made 
up  of  many  small  heads,  each  head  composed  of  four 


103 


Fig.  51.— Sweet-Scented  Bedstraw.     (G.  triflorum,  MX.) 
Fig.  52.— Hairy  Bedstraw.     (G.  pilosum,  Ait.) 


104  Composite  (Composite).         [No.  13 

blossoms  and  surrounded  by  four  narrow  scales.  Co- 
rolla, tubular.  Calyx  represented  by  a  row  of  slender 
roughened  bristles.  Stamens,  five,  inserted  on  the 
corolla.  Anthers,  united  in  a  tube  around  the  style. 
Style,  one,  two-cleft  at  the  apex.  Seed-case,  one- 
celled,  one-seeded,  united  to  the  calyx.  July  to  Sept. 

Leaves,  mostly  two  to  three  inches  in  length,  simple, 
opposite,  toothed,  or  sometimes  entire,  pointed  at  the 
apex,  with  the  base  usually  heart-shaped,  and  often 
unequally  lobed.  Leaf-stem,  mostly  one  to  two  inches 
long. 

Fruit,  seed-like,  dry,  five-angled,  lengthwise.     An  achene. 

Found,  along  the  borders  of  streams  and  in  damp  thickets 
from  New  England  southward.  Somewhat  rare. 

A  beautiful  vine  more  or  less  herbaceous  with  long  twin- 
ing stems,  smooth  or  nearly  so  throughout. 


Nearly  every  Sabbath  the  summer  through,  the  simple 
village  church  where  we  worshipped  was  made  beautiful 
with  wild  flowers.  Especially  was  it  so  one  Sabbath  in 
September.  The  Saturday  before,  Miss  Mary  and  the 
younger  children  had  taken  Toby  (their  small  black  pony, 
set.  25  years  or  thereabout)  and  driven  a  mile  down  the 
shore.  There  in  a  swampy  stretch  at  the  side  of  the  road 
they  found  in  abundance  the  beautiful  climbing  hemp- 
weed.  It  screened  to  their  tops  and  over  their  tops  the 
high  bordering  thickets.  They  gathered  their  prize  in 
masses ;  and  the  next  day  its  grace  and  its  beauty 
preached  with  the  preacher  to  the  worshippers  in  God's 
house. 


IDS         Fig-  53.— Climbing  Hemp-Weed.     (M.  scandens,  Willd.) 


106  Heath  (Ericacece).  [No.  14 

No.  14.— Family  ERICACEAE.     (Heath  Fam.) 

Flowers,  regular.  Petals,  four  or  five,  united.  Stamens, 
twice  as  many  as  the  petals,  and  inserted  with  them. 
Pollen,  of  four  united  grains.  Style,  one.  Seed-case, 
four-  or  five-celled,  and  many-seeded  except  in  Bear- 
berry  (Arctostaphylos,  No.  3). 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  entire,  without  stipules. 
Fruit,  a  berry,  or,  in  Arbutus  (No.  4),  a  capsule. 
Prostrate  vines. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

(a)  Leaves  half  inch  in  length,  or  less. 

(fr)  Leaves  whitened  beneath.  Berries  red.  (i)  Vac- 
cinium  (Cranberry). 

(<5)  Leaves  rusty-bristly  beneath.      Berries  white.     (2) 

Chiogenes  (Snowberry). 
(a)  Leaves  about  one  inch  in  length,  or  more. 

(6)  Leaves  reverse  egg-shape  or  spatulate.  Edge  en- 
tire. Berry  red.  (3)  Arctostaphylos  (Bear- 
berry). 

(&)  Leaves  heart-shape.  Fruit  a  capsule.  (4)  Epigaea 
(Arbutus). 

(b)  Leaves  reverse  egg-shape  or  oval.  Edge  toothed. 
Berry  red.  (5)  Gaultheria  (Wintergreen). 

(i)  Genus  VACCINIUM,  L. 

Fig.    54. — Large    Cranberry.     American    Cranberry.     V. 

macrocdrpon,  Ait. 

Flowers,  pinkish,  nodding  on  the  ends  of  slender  erect 
stalks.  Petals,  four,  very  narrow,  rolled  back,  united 
below.  Calyx,  four-cleft.  Stamens,  eight.  Anthers, 
lengthened  upward  into  slender  tubes,  exserted,  nearly 


Fig.  54.— Large  Cranberry. 
Fig.  55.— Creeping  Snowberry. 


(V.  macrocarpon,  Ait.) 
(C.  serpyllifdlia,  Salisb.) 


io8  Heath  (Ericacece).  [No.  14 

three  times  as  long  as  the  filaments.  Flower-stems, 
one  to  several,  from  the  base  of  the  new  shoots,  one 
half  to  one  and  one  quarter  inches  in  length,  with  two 
small  bracts  near  the  middle.  Seed-case,  four-celled  ; 
many-seeded,  adherent  to  the  calyx.  June. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  one  third  to  one  half  inch  in  length, 
simple,  alternate ;  edges  entire,  smooth,  whitened 
beneath,  oval  to  oblong  with  rounded  base,  and 
rounded  or  slightly  pointed  apex. 

Fruit,  one  half  to  one  inch  in  length,  rounded  or  slightly 
lengthened,  edible  when  cooked,  red  of  varying 
shades,  very  acid,  many-seeded.  A  berry. 

Found,  in  peaty  and  swampy  ground  from  North  Carolina 
northward  to  the  Arctic  Ocean,  often  in  great 
abundance. 

A   very   pretty   trailing  and  woody  evergreen,  one  to 
four  feet  in  length. 


The  Cranberry  has  come  to  be  of  very  great  value  as  a 
market  fruit.  Swampy  land,  that  once  was  deemed  worth- 
less, is  now  made  to  yield  large  and  valuable  crops.  In 
some  regions,  along  the  New  Jersey  coast  for  example, 
the  time  for  the  harvesting  of  the  cranberry  crop  is  as 
busy  and  important  a  time  as  that  of  the  wheat  harvest 
elsewhere.  The  country  around  is  scoured  for  pickers. 
Then  early  and  late  the  flat,  drained,  or  sun-dried  grounds 
are  picturesque  with  the  busy  workers. 


"  The  name,  '  Cranberry,'  may  be  due  to  the  reputed 
liking  of  the  Crane  for  the  berry,  or  to  the  crane-like  neck 
beneath  the  nodding  berry." 


NO.  i4]  Heath  (Ericacea).  109 

The  little  plant  is  very  tough,  notwithstanding  its  deli- 
cate proportions,  often  flourishing  where  few  other  things 
could  live. 


'T  is  such  a  wee,  fair,  dainty  thing, 
You  'd  think  a  greenhouse  warm 

Would  be  its  proper  dwelling-place, 
Kept  close  from  wind  and  storm. 

But  on  the  moor  it  dwelleth  free, 
Like  a  fearless  mountain  child, 

With  a  rosy  cheek,  a  lightsome  look, 
And  a  spirit  strong  and  wild." 

LOUISE  TWAMLY. 


Resembling  Fig.  54. — Small   Cranberry.     V.  Oxycoccus,  L. 

This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  these 
items  : 

Flowers,  with  the  anthers  not  more  than  one  half  as  long 
as  the  filaments. 

Leaves,    one    sixth    to    one  quarter   inch    in  length,  egg- 
shape.     Edge,  strongly  rolled  under.     Apsx,  pointed. 

Fruit,  one  quarter  to  one  third  inch  in  length,  often  white- 
speckled  when  young,  seldom  marketed. 

Found,  from  Pennsylvania  and  New  England  far  north- 
ward. 


"  V.  oxycocciis,  L.,  is  found   wild   in   England,    Ireland, 
Central  and   Northern   Europe,   on  the  wilds   of  Siberia 


no  Heath  (Ericaceae).  [No.  14 

(2)  Genus  CHIOGENES,  Salisb. 

Trom  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  snow  "  and  "  offspring,"  with  reference  to  its  snow- 
white  berries. 

Fig.  55. — Creeping    Snowberry.     C.  serpyllifblia,  Salisb.     C. 
hispfdula,  T.  and  G. 

Flowers,  white,  bell-shape,  very  small,  solitary,  on  short 
nodding  stems  from  the  axils  of  the  leaves,  and  with 
two  bractlets  under  the  calyx.  Corolla,  deeply  four- 
cleft.  Calyx,  four-parted,  persistent.  Stamens,  eight, 
not  exserted.  Filaments,  short  and  broad.  Seed-case, 
four-celled,  many-seeded,  adherent  to  the  calyx. 
May. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  one  quarter  to  one  third  inch  in  length, 
alternate,  egg-shape  or  oval,  pointed  ;  margins  rolled 
under ;  upper  surface  smooth,  under  surface  set 
sparingly  with  stiff,  rusty  hairs.  Branches,  slender 
and  like  the  leaves  beset  with  rusty  hairs. 

Fruit,  one  quarter  inch  in  diameter,  rounded,  bright  white, 
four-celled,  many-seeded,  edible.  A  berry. 

Found,  in  swamps  and  mossy  woods  from  North  Carolina 
through  the  Alleghany  Mountains,  and  far  northward 
and  westward. 

A  slender  woody  creeper,  evergreen,  from  one  to  two 
feet  in  length  ;  its  berries  and  foliage  pleasantly  flavored, 
with  the  aroma  of  wintergreen. 


I  pulled  my  row-boat,  one  August  day,  to  the  shore  of 
<in  island  in  Lake  Placid,  and  left  it  there  safe  among  the 
rocks.  Walking  a  few  yards  inland,  I  found  myself 
.suddenly  in  a  new  world.  Instead  of  water  and  open 


in  Fig.  56.— Bearberry.    (A.  Uva-iirsi,  Spreng.) 


u2  Heath  (Ericacecz).  [No.  14. 

skies,  I  was  shut  in  overhead  by  the  tops  of  ancient  trees, 
and  on  the  level  by  a  curtaining  screen  of  thick  shrubbery, 
and  beneath  by  a  carpet  that  was  woven  and  figured  with 
fallen  branches  and  rocks  and  leaves  and  deep,  velvet-soft 
moss.  As  I  looked  more  closely  I  saw  that  this  moss  was 
threaded  everywhere  with  the  delicate,  creeping  snow- 
berry,  in  fruit. 


(3)  Genus  ARCTOSTAPHYLOS,  Adans. 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  bear"  and  "  grapes." 

Fig.  56. — Bearberry.     Dogberry.     A.  Uva-iirsi,  Spreng. 

Flowers,  somewhat  resembling  those  of  the  related  Trail- 
ing Arbutus,  whitish,  in  short,  terminal,  drooping 
clusters.  Corolla,  egg-  or  urn-shape,  five-toothed,  the 
teeth  turned  back,  hairy  within.  Calyx,  reddish, 
five-parted,  persistent.  Stamens,  ten,  not  exserted. 
Anthers,  each  with  two  hairs  on  the  back  near  the 
apex.  Filaments,  hairy.  Seed-case,  free.  May. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  about  one  inch  in  length  (sometimes 
shorter),  simple,  alternate,  smooth,  entire,  reverse 
egg-shape  or  spatulate,  thick  and  rigid,  with  short 
stems. 

Fruit,  round,  about  the  size  of  a  currant,  red,  rather  in- 
sipid. Nutlets,  five,  firmly  united.  A  berry-like 
drupe. 

Found,  in  the  most  barren  places — on  gravelly  hills  and  in 
dry  woods — from  New  Jersey  (where  it  is  very  com- 
mon in  the  sandy  pine-barrens),  and  Pennsylvania  to 
Missouri,  and  far  northward,  often  covering  the 
ground  in  broad  patches. 


NO.  14]  Heath  (Ericacecz).  113 

A  trailing  evergreen  shrub,  two  to  three  feet  long,  with 
the  younger  branchlets  erect  and  from  three  to  eight 
inches  in  height.  It  is  useful  for  tanning  the  finer  kinds  of 
leather.  The  leaves  are  astringent,  and  used  medicinally. 
At  one  time  they  were  recommended  as  a  remedy  in  con- 
sumption. It  is  the  kinnikinnic  of  the  Indians,  who  smoke 
it,  and  believe  it  to  be  a  safeguard  from  malarial  fever. 

The  little  vine  is  found  in  far  northern  regions  wellnigh 
the  world  around — in  Sweden,  Lapland,  Iceland,  Siberia. 
It  is  nearly  related  to  the  trailing  Arbutus,  with  which  it 
was  once  grouped  generically.  To  the  older  botanists  it 
was  known  as  Arbutus  Uva-ursi. 

It  is  unusual  for  the  generic  Greek  name  and  the  Latin 
specific  name,  and  the  common  English  name,  all,  as  in 
this  case,  to  mean  the  same. 

The  fondness  of  birds  and  other  animals  for  its  berries 
doubtless  accounts  in  part  for  its  wide  distribution.  To 
human  taste  the  flavor  is  not  agreeable. 

(4)   Genus  EPIG/EA,  L. 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  upon  "  and  "  ground,"  with  reference  to  the 
trailing  growth. 

Fig.  57. — Trailing  Arbutus.     Ground  Laurel.     Mayflower. 
E.  ripens,  L. 

Flowers,  in  compact  clusters  from  scaly  bracts  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves,  with  very  pleasant  spicy  odor.  Corolla, 
oftenest  delicately  pink-tinged,  varying  from  white  to 
deep  rose  ;  five-lobed,  the  lobes  rounded  and  spread- 
ing, the  tube  hairy  within.  Calyx,  of  five-pointed, 
scale-like,  nearly  distinct  sepals  ;  about  the  length  of 
the  corolla-tube,  and  with  three  bracts  at  its  base. 
Stamens,  ten,  with  slender  filaments.  Style,  one. 
Stigma,  slightly  five-lobed.  Seed-case,  five-celled, 
many-seeded,  free.  April  and  May. 


in  Heath  (Rricacece.)  [No.  14 

Leaves,  evergreen,  two  to  two  and  one  half  inches  in 
length,  simple,  alternate,  entire,  from  rounded  to  egg- 
shaped.  Apex,  rounded  or  with  a  slight  point.  Base, 
heart-shaped  ;  the  older  leaves  coarse  and  rough,  in 
strong  contrast  to  the  delicate  blossoms.  Leaf-stem, 
hairy. 

Fruit,  rounded,  five-celled,  many-seeded.     A  capsule. 

Found,  oftenest  in  sandy  woods,  from  Newfoundland  west- 
ward, and  southward  to  Pennsylvania  and  Kentucky, 
or,  less  frequently,  to  Florida. 

A  trailing  woody  evergreen,  ten  to  fifteen  inches  in 
length,  rough,  with  bristly,  reddish  hairs.  It  is  coarse  in 
aspect,  the  old  worn  and  broken  leaves  clinging  long  after 
the  appearing  of  the  blossoms  and  the  new  leaves.  Often- 
est the  whole  is  hidden  away,  and  sometime  wholly  cov- 
ered from  sight  by  the  winter's  drift  of  dead  leaves. 


In  New  England  the  Mayflower,  as  it  is  there  called, 
is  among  the  earliest  of  the  spring  flowers,  and  is  the  best 
loved  of  them  all.  In  some  localities  it  figures  promi- 
nently in  the  May-day  festival.  The  children  search,  and 
bring  it  in  quantities  from  the  woods.  Then  at  dusk  they 
take  little  baskets,  sometimes  made  of  paper  for  the 
occasion,  neatly  trimmed  with  moss  and  heaped  with  the 
fragrant  blossoms,  and  carrying  them  to  the  homes  of 
their  special  friends,  hang  them  on  the  door  knobs,  knock 
and  run.  At  least,  years  ago  the  New  England  children 
did  so.  I  hope  they  do  so  yet. 


Heath  (Ericacece.)  [No.  14 

A  LEGEND  OF  THE  TRAILING  ARBUTUS. 

A  sweet  old  legend  drifts  and  ever  drifts, 

In  lines  and  rhymes,  amid  these  breaths  of  spring. 

I  hear  it  in  the  voice  of  tinkling  brooks 

Set  free  but  now  from  winter's  gorgon  spell  ; 

I  hear  it  in  a  herald  bluebird's  notes, 

And  where  a  bee  goes  humming  by  in  search 

Of  early  flowers  (steer  well,  small  ship  ; 

Sail  not  too  near  the  reefs  of  lingering  snow)  ; 

I  see  it  in  the  yellow  aments  soft 

And  pendulous  from  unleaved  alder  boughs  ; 

In  softest  shadows,  too,  of  deepening  green 

On  southward  slopes  with  sheltered  nooks  between. 

Far  off  in  Eden's  pleasant  bowers, 

By  grace  of  God  a  flower  was  born, 
Whose  pride  of  leaf  and  pride  of  bloom 

Could  even  Eden's  bowers  adorn. 

Its  lightly  clustered  petals  seemed 

A  tinted  fragrance  when  they  bloomed  ; 

Its  wealth  of  leaves  in  texture  firm 
A  look  of  queenly  robes  assumed. 

The  flower  was  deemed  the  queen  of  all 

The  flowers  that  Eve  and  Adam  kept. 
With  all  the  flowers  it  drooped  and  mourned 

When  Eve  and  Adam  sinned  and  wept. 

They  wept  at  thought  of  sin  and  loss, 

They  wept  at  thought  of  banishment, 
They  turned  them  to  their  lovely  flowers 

Ere  forth  to  toil  they  weeping  went. 

Then  none  of  all  that  blooming  band 

Of  lovely  Eden  flowers  did  aught 
But  droop  and  mourn — till  they  bethought  ; 

And  straightway  Him,  the  Master,  sought^ 

Of  Him  they  humbly  prayed  that  they 
With  Eve  and  Adam  forth  might  go, 


NO.  i4]  Heath  (Ericacece.)  u; 

To  soothe  perchance  the  exiles'  lot. 

The  Lord  approved,  and  bade  them  so. 

But  oh  !  the  Lord,  He  named  them  first 

A  hard  condition  :  If  they  went, 
They  all  must  yield  their  wealth  of  leaves. 

At  that  was  sore  bewilderment. 


Then  Eve  and  Adam  turned  away, 

And  wept  again  for  loss  begun  ; 
And  none  of  all  the  lovely  flowers 

Did  aught  but  mourn  anew — save  one  ; 

And  that  the  one  deemed  there  the  best, 
The  queen,  the  fair  Arbutus  flower, 

Whose  springing  boughs  and  wealth  of  leaves 
Were  still  the  pride  of  Eden's  bower. 

"  Yea,  Master,  I  will  go, 
I  love  them  so. 
For  coarser  robe  and  trailing  bough 

I  yield  my  wealth  of  leaves. 

My  spirit  grieves, 
But  now,  thou  Lord  of  love, 
I  pray  thee  teach  me  from  above 

To  ever  brighten  with  my  bloom 

The  shadows  and  the  gloom 
Of  sin-cursed  lands, 
Where  exiles  toil  with  weary  hands, 

And  roam  with  fading  memory  of  home. 

Then  Eve  and  Adam  checked  their  sighs, 
And  blessed  that  loving  Eden  flower  ; 

While  all  the  flowers,  for  love  and  loss, 
Drooped  low  and  long  in  Eden's  bower. 

Full  oft,  in  far  and  sin-cursed  lands, 

Where  soon  those  exiles  learned  to  roam, 

A  coarse-robed,  trailing  flower  was  all 
That  gave  them  memory  of  home. 


n8  Heath  (Ericacece.)  [No.  14. 

'T  is  so  the  quaint  old  legend  seems  to-day 
To  drift  and  ever  drift,  with  murmurs  low 
Of  bees,  and  love-songs  of  the  mating  birds, 
And  odors  rare,  and  tinklings  bright  of  rills 
That  ring  their  silver  bells  adown  the  hills. 

But,  nay  !    It  is  not  legend  all  and  all  ; 
For,  as  I  stoop  beside  this  sheltered  nook, 
Behold,  half-hidden  'neath  a  drift  of  leaves, 
The  Eden  flower  !  Coarse-robed  it  lies,  yet  fair 
As  when  it  smiled  on  Eve  in  paradise. 

0  fallen  queen  !  I  will  not  touch  thy  bloom  ; 

1  leave  thee  here  amid  these  breaths  of  spring  ; 
For,  exiled  queen  of  Eden's  pleasant  bowers, 

I  deem  thee  still  the  queen  of  spring-time  flowers. 


(5)  Genus  GAULTHERIA,  Kalm. 

From  the  name  of  a  French  physician  of  Quebec. 

Fig.  58. — Wintergreen.      Checkerberry.      Boxberry.      Tea- 
Berry.     Partridge-Berry.     G.  procumbent,  L. 

Flower,  nodding  on  slender  stems,  oftenest  solitary. 
Corolla,  cylindrical  or  urn-shape,  five-toothed,  the 
teeth  turned  back.  Calyx,  five-cleft,  with  two  bracts 
at  the  base,  becoming  fleshy  and  berry-like  in  fruit. 
Stamens,  ten,  included,  hairy.  Anther-cells,  each  with 
two  slender  hairs  at  the  summit.  Filaments,  white 
and  hairy.  Seed-case,  five-celled,  many-seeded,  free 
from  the  calyx  but  finally  enclosed  by  it.  Flower- 
stem,  downy,  with  two  small  bracts.  June  to  Sep- 
tember. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  thick,  and  shining  ;  when  young  of  a 
delicate  reddish-brown,  simple,  alternate,  often  clus- 
tered at  the  top  of  the  upright  branchlets ;  edges 
very  slightly  toothed  ;  oval  or  reverse  egg-shape, 
usually  pointed  at  each  end  ;  very  spicy  and  pleasant 
to  the  taste. 


120  Heath  ( Rricacece).  [No.  14. 

Fruit,  red,  globular,  many-seeded,  edible  ;  formed  by  the 
thickening  of  the  calyx  around  the  enclosed  seed-case. 
A  berry. 

Foimd,  oftenest  in  cool,  evergreen  woods,  from  Georgia 
far  northward  and  sometimes  southward  to  Florida. 

A  woody  evergreen,  the  stem  creeping  extensively  oft- 
enest a  little  below  the  surface  of  the  ground.  From  the 
stem  spring  erect,  flowering  branches,  three  to  five  inches 
in  height.  The  edible  fruit  and  the  young  leaves  are  very 
spicy,  aromatic,  and  slightly  astringent.  They  are  some- 
times used  to  flavor  tea,  or  even  as  a  substitute  for  tea. 


The  names  that  are  most  common  in  New  England  are 
Wintergreen  and  Checkerberry ;  sometimes  also  it  is  called 
Partridge-Berry.  Locally,  the  children  give  the  tender 
brownish  leaves  other  names —  "Jinks,"  "Pippins," 
"  Drunkards."  In  New  Brunswick  and  in  parts  of  Maine 
the  name  is  "  Ivory."  Among  the  hills  of  Southern  Ohio, 
it  is  "  Mountain-Tea."  Tea-Berry  is  a  common  name 
westward. 


By  what  alchemy  can  the  little  Checkerberry-vine  and 
a  tree — the  unrelated  Black  Birch — both  elaborate  from 
the  elements  around  them  the  same  most  pleasant  scent 
and  flavor.  One  other  vine,  still  more  modest,  and  of  less 
wide  distribution,  and  with  fruit  as  white  as  the  Checker- 
berry  is  red — the  pretty  creeping  Snowberry  of  the  North  * 
— shares  with  them  the  wonderful  secret. 


The  Wintergreen  seems  rather  to  ignore  the  seasons  in 
its  blossoming  and  its  ripening  of  fruit.      Its  small  red 

*  Described  on  page  no. 


NO.  15]          Pyxie  ( Dyapensiace<z.)  121 

balls  may  be  found  nearly  the  year  around,  and  its  blos- 
soms from  spring  to  fall.  Moreover,  it  has  but  slight  care 
concerning  location.  It  rather  prefers  damp,  rich  ground, 
but  it  thrives  also  in  the  sandiest  and  driest.  It  can  ac- 
complish something  more  perhaps  where  sun  and  sand  are 
not  against  it ;  but  the  pretty  little  thing  seems  equally 
happy  everywhere. 

No.  15.— Family  DI APENSI ACE^.     (Pyxie  Fam.) 
Genus  PYXIDANTHERA,  MX. 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  box  "  and  "  anther,"  with  reference  to  the 
construction  of  the  anthers. 

Fig.  59. — Pyxie.     Flowering  Moss.    P.  barbulata,  MX. 

Flowers,  one  quarter  of  an  inch  across,  white  or  sometimes 
rosy,  solitary,  stemless,  bell-shaped,  very  abundant, 
at  the  ends  of  short  leafy  branchlets.  Petals,  five, 
rounded,  united.  Calyx,  persistent.  Sepals,  thin, 
very  finely  toothed,  with  small,  prominent  bracts  be- 
neath. Stamens,  five,  inserted  on  the  corolla,  with 
the  filaments  adherent  to  it.  Anther-cells  opening 
across,  each  with  a  slender  bristle  at  its  base.  Style, 
one.  Stigma,  three-lobed.  Seed-case,  three-celled, 
many-seeded,  free  from  the  calyx.  April,  May. 

Leaves,  evergreen,  one  quarter  inch  in  length,  or  less, 
simple,  crowded,  the  upper  ones  alternate,  entire, 
narrow,  mostly  reverse,  lance-shape,  pointed,  some- 
what hairy  near  the  base.  No  stipules. 

Fruit,  three-celled,  many-seeded,  enveloped  in  the  persist- 
ent calyx.  A  capsule. 

Found,  from  the  sandy  pine-barrens  of  New  Jersey  to 
North  Carolina. 


122  Primrose  (Primulacecz.)        [NO.  16 

An  interesting  little  woody,  evergreen,  prostrate  vine, 
three  to  six  inches  in  length  ;  not  widely  distributed,  but 
abundant  in  localities,  often  covering  the  ground  in 
flower-dotted  mats  of  interlacing  branches. 


I  do  not  know  why  it  is,  but  I  have  a  feeling  toward 
this  pretty  little  plant,  much  like  one's  feeling  for  the 
Brownies  as  though  they  were  themselves  a  sort  of 
Brownie  tribe.  I  suspect  the  long  name  has  something 
to  do  with  it — Pyxidanthera  barbulata — and  the  blossom, 
snuggling  down  as  only  a  Brownie  can,  among  the  tiny 
leaves.  Then  the  abbreviation  Pyxie  is  suggestive  of 
Puck,  a  first-class  Brownie.  And  the  small  witches 
choose  most  unique  places  for  their  homes.  I  have  in 
mind  one  such  home  where  I  used  to  visit  them — a  slope 
of  white  sand  on  the  edge  of  a  cranberry  bog,  with  miles 
and  miles  of  tall  pines  shutting  it  away  from  the  outside 
world — excepting  on  the  lower  side  where  there  was  a 
break,  with  a  far  glimpse  toward  the  ocean.  If  only  it 
had  been  a  trifle  later  and  the  sun  gone  down,  one  might 
have  found  himself  listening  for  the  Pyxies — or  the 
Brownies — whispering. 

No.  16.— Family  PRIMULACE^.      (Primrose  Fam.) 

Genus  LYSIMACHIA,  Tourn. 
Fig.  60. — Moneywort.     Creeping-Charlie.     [Z.  nummularia,  Z.j 

Flowers,  large  (about  one  inch  across),  yellow,  wheel-shape, 
solitary,  opposite,  from  the  axils '  of  the  leaves. 
Corolla,  deeply  five-lobed,  the  lobes  rather  blunt  and 
broadly  reverse  egg-shape.  Calyx-lobes,  narrower  and 
shorter.  Stamens,  five,  inserted  on  the  base  of  the 
corolla,  and  opposite  its  lobes.  P"ilaments,  slightly 


124         Milkweed  ( Asclepiadacece).      [No.  17 

united  toward  the  base.  Style,  one.  Stigma,  one. 
Seed-case,  free,  one-celled,  few-seeded.  July,  Sep- 
tember. 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  rounded,  dotted,  smooth, 
very  short-stemed.  Base,  somewhat  heart-shape. 
Apex,  rounded. 

Fruit,  rounded,  one-celled,  few-seeded.     A  capsule. 
Found,  in  damp  ground  escaped  from  gardens. 

A  trailing  herbaceous  vine  very  common  in  cultivation, 
especially  in  old  gardens.      Introduced  from  Europe. 


"  It  is  reported  that  if  serpents  be  hurted  or  wounded, 
they  do  heal  themselves  with  this  herbe,  whereupon  came 
the  name  serpentaria.  .  .  .  It  is  called  nummularia, 
of  the  form  of  money,  whereunto  the  leaves  are  like." 
— GERARD'S  HERBALL. 

No.     17.— Family    ASCLEPI  ADAGES.        (Milkweed 

Fam.) 

Flowers,  in  axillary  clusters.  Petals,  five,  united.  Sepals, 
five,  united.  Stamens,  five,  united  throughout  (ex- 
cept in  Periploca  Graeca,  where  the  filaments  are  dis- 
tinct). Anthers,  adhering  to  and  covering  the  stigma. 
Styles,  two.  Seed-cases,  two,  free  from  the  calyx, 
covered  by  the  united  stamens  ;  many-seeded. 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  entire,  without  stipules. 

-Fruit,  one-celled,  many-seeded,  opening  on  one  edge.  A 
follicle. 

Plants  with  milky  juice. 


Fig.  60. — Moneywort.     [L.  nummularia,  L.] 
Fig.  61.  — Black  Milkweed.     [V.  nigrum,  Moench.] 


126          Milkweed  ( Asclepiadacece.)      [No.  17 

(i)  Genus  PERIPLOCA,  L. 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  twining." 

Resembling  Fig.  6l. — Twining  Milkweed.     [P.  Grata,  Z.] 

Flowers,  dark  purple,  in  long  axillary  clusters.  Corolla, 
flat  wheel-shape.  Petals,  united,  very  narrow,  pointed, 
very  hairy  within.  Calyx,  minute.  Sepals,  united, 
narrow,  pointed.  Stamens,  with  filaments  distinct. 
Anthers,  cohering,  and  bearded  along  the  back. 
Throat  of  the  corolla  surrounded  by  a  five-parted 
crown,  each  lobe  tipped  with  a  slender  bristle. 

Leaves,  three  to  four  inches  in  length,  egg-shape,  pointed. 
Leaf -stem,  one  third  inch  in  length. 

Fruit,  about  two  inches  in  length,  smooth,  many-seeded. 
Seeds,  hairy.  A  follicle. 

Found,  in  cultivation,  from  which  it  has  escaped  sparingly 
in  Western  New  York. 

A  woody  climber  ten  to  fifteen  feet  in  length. 


(2)  Genus  VINCETOXICUM,  Moench. 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  binding"  and  "  poison." 

Fig.  6l.— Black  Milkweed.     [V.  mgrum,  Moench] 

Flowers,  small,  dark  purple,  in  axillary  clusters,  each  cluster 
on  a  stem  shorter  than  the  leaves.  Corolla,  flat 
wheel-shape,  five-parted,  the  crown  above  its  throat  a 
fleshy  five-  to  ten-lobed,  flat-disk. 

Leaves,  egg-shape  to  lance-shape,  nearly  smooth. 
Fruit  and  seeds,  smooth. 

Found,  as  a  weed  escaped  from  cultivation  from  New 
England  to  Pennsylvania. 

A  more  or  less  twining  herb. 


NO.  isj    Cowvol'vulus  (Convolvulacecz.)       127 

(3)  Genus  GONOLOBUS,  Moench. 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "angled"  and  "  pod,"  with  reference  to  the  angular 
fruit  of  some  of  the  species. 

Fig.  62. — Rough-Fruited  Milkweed.     G.  obftquus,  R.  Br. 

Flowers,  dull  or  greenish  outside,  purplish  within,  in 
many-blossomed  clusters.  Corolla,  five-parted,  wheel- 
shape  ;  in  bud,  long  cone-shape ;  its  lobes  five  sixths 
to  one  half  inch  in  length  and  one  twelfth  of  an  inch 
in  width  ;  minutely  downy  within  ;  the  crown  in  its 
throat  a  fleshy  ring.  June,  July. 

Leaves,  three  to  eight  inches  in  length,  round  to  egg- 
shape.  Base,  heart-shape.  Apex,  abruptly  pointed. 

Fruit,  rough  with  hard  short  points. 

Found,  along  the  banks  of  streams  from  the  mountains  of 
Pennsylvania  and  Virginia  to  Ohio  and  Missouri. 

A  climbing  or  trailing  herbaceous  vine  three  to  five  feet 
in  length. 

No.  18.— Family  CONVOLVULACE^.     (Convolvulus 
Fam.) 

Flowers,  mostly  showy,  on  axillary  flower-stems.  Corolla, 
five-lobed,  but  with  the  edge  so  nearly  even  that  the 
lobes  are  scarcely  more  than  indicated, — excepting  in 
Dodder  (No.  4),  which  is  more  deeply  lobed,  and 
sometimes  is  in  fours  instead  of  fives  throughout. 
Calyx,  five-lobed  or  parted, — excepting  sometimes  in 
Dodder  (No.  4).  Stamens,  of  the  same  number  as  the 
lobes  of  the  corolla,  and  alternate  with  them.  Styles, 
one  or  two.  Seed-case,  free,  two-celled,  with  two 
young  seeds  in  each  cell ;  or  four-celled  by  false  par- 
titions. 


128        Convolvulus  (Convolvulacece),   [NO.  is 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  lobed  ;  or,  in  Hedge 
Bindweed  (No.  2),  sometimes  slightly  toothed  at  the 
base ;  and,  in  Dodder  (No.  4),  lacking,  or  replaced  by 
scales. 

Fruit,  rounded,  two-  to  four-celled  ;  or,  in  Convolvulus 
(No.  2),  sometimes  one-celled  by  absorption.  Seeds, 
two  to  six.  A  capsule. 

Twining  or  prostrate  herbaceous  vines,  Many  species 
of  the  family  have  been  introduced  and  cultivated  for  or- 
nament (e.  g.,  the  Moon-floor),  some  for  use  (e.  g.,  the 
Sweet  Potato). 

GUIDE  TO  THE  GENERA. 

(a)  Leafy. 

(6)  Style,  undivided.  Stigmas,  i  to  3,  blunt  to 
globular.  Leaves,  heart-shape  or  lobed.  (i) 
Ipomcea  (Morning-Glory,  etc.) 

(b)  Style,  undivided,  or  two-cleft  at  the  summit. 
Stigmas,  two,  line-like  to  egg-shape.  Leaves, 
arrow-shape.  (2)  Convolvulus  (Bindweeds). 
(b)  Style,  two-cleft.  Stigmas,  two,  blunt.  Leaves, 
narrow,  tapering  to  the  base.  (3)  Breweria 
(Breweria). 

(a)  Leafless,     parasitic,     never     green.      (4)     Ciiscuta 
(Dodder) 

(i)  Genus  IPOMCEA,  L. 

Flowers,  from  salver-form  or  funnel-form  to  nearly  bell- 
form  ;  one  to  five  blossoms  for  each  cluster-stem. 
Corolla,  with  its  edges  lightly  lobed  or  entire.  Calyx, 
with  the  outer  sepals  usually  the  largest.  Bract, 
absent ;  neither  on  the  flower-stem  nor  covering  the 
calyx.  Style,  one,  undivided.  Stigmas,  one  to  three, 
short  and  blunt  to  globular. 


I2Q        Fig.  62.— Rough-Fruited  Milkweed.     (G.  obliquus,  R.  Br.) 


i3°        Convolvulus  (  Convolvulacece  )  .    [No.  18 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  heart-shaped  or  lobed. 

Fruit,  globular,  separating  into  two  to  four  pieces  ;  cells, 
two  to  four.  Seeds,  four  to  six,  or,  by  absorption  of 
the  ovules,  fewer. 

Twining  or  prostrate  herbaceous  vines. 

Fig.  63.  —  Morning-Glory.      \_I.purpurea,  Lam.] 

Flowers,  two  inches  in  length,  funnel  form,  of  various 
colors  from  purple  to  white.  Corolla,  twisted  in  the 
bud.  Calyx,  hairy  below.  Sepals,  long,  narrow, 
tapering.  Stamens  and  style,  not  exserted.  Stigma, 
three-lobed.  Seed-case,  three-celled.  Cluster-stems, 
long,  with  two  to  five  blossoms. 

Leaves,  broad,  egg-shape  to  rounded,  with  the  base  heart- 
shape  and  the  apex  pointed.  Leaf-stem,  hairy. 

Fruit,  three-celled. 

Found,  escaped  from  gardens,  and  very  common  in  culti- 
vation. 

A  rapid-growing,  herbaceous  vine,  rough  with  down- 
ward-pointing hairs,  climbing  by  twisting.  It  is  one 
of  the  oldest  and  commonest  and  best  liked  of  the 
familiar  garden  flowers.  It  is  a  native  of  tropical 
America. 


Fig.  64.—  Small  Morning-Glory.     [/.  hedera 


acea, 


This  species  differs  from  the  preceding  chiefly  in  the 
following  items  : 


I3i 


63.— Morning-Glory.     [I.  purp&rea,  Lam.] 


132        Convolvulus  ( Convolvulacece ) .    [No.  is 

Flowers,  one  to  one  and  one  half  inches  in  length.  Calyx, 
densely  hairy  below.  Cluster-stem,  with  one  to  three 
blossoms. 

Leaves,   sometimes     heart-shaped,    but    usually   variously 

three-lobed,  the  lobes  pointed. 
Found,    escaped    from    cultivation,     from     Pennsylvania 

southward. 

Stems,  usually  prostrate  and  one  to  one  and  a  half  feet 
long. 

Fig.  65. — Wild  Cypress- Vine.     [/.  cocdnea,  L.~\ 

Flowers,  one  inch  in  length,  light  scarlet  or  sometimes 
yellowish.  Corolla,  tubular,  with  a  spreading  salver- 
shaped  and  slightly  lobed  border.  Calyx,  smooth, 
or  nearly  so.  Sepals,  bristle-pointed.  Stamens  and 
style,  exserted.  Style,  one.  Stigma,  two-lobed.  Seed- 
case,  four-celled,  four-seeded.  Cluster-stem,  with  about 
five  blossoms. 

Leaves,  variable,  heart-shaped.  Apex,  pointed.  Edge, 
entire,  or  sometimes  lobed  and  angled  toward  the 
base.  Base,  lobes  sometimes  rounded  and  sometimes 
pointed. 

Fruit,  four-celled,  four-seeded. 

Found,  escaped  from  cultivation,  from  Ohio  and  Illinois 
southward.  Probably  native  in  New  Mexico  and 
Arizona. 

A  pretty  twining  vine  with  delicate  flowers.  It  is  not 
as  common  in  cultivation  as  the  associated  species  [/. 
Qudmoclit,  L.~\,  which  has  a  similar  blossom,  but  a  very 
different  leaf — deeply  parted  and  feather-like. 


Fig.  64.— Small  Morning-Glory.     [I.  hederacea,  Jacq.] 
Fig.  65.— Wild  Cypress-Vine.     [I.  coccinea,  L.] 


134        Convolvulus  (Convo^dacece).   [No.  is 

Resembling  Fig.  63. — Wild  Potato-Vine.     Man-of-the-Earth. 

/.  pandurata,  Meyer. 

Flowers,  about  three  inches  in  length  ;  white,  with  the 
tube  purple  within ;  broad  funnel-shape.  Corolla, 
three  or  four  times  longer  than  the  calyx.  Sepals, 
smooth,  egg-shape  to  oblong,  very  blunt,  the  two 
outer  ones  shortest.  Stamens  and  style,  not  exserted. 
Stigma,  two-lobed  or  entire,  somewhat  globose. 
Cluster-stem,  with  one  to  five  blossoms.  June  to 
August. 

Leaves,  two  to  three  inches  in  length,  heart-shape,  usually 
pointed  at  the  apex,  entire,  or  sometimes  contracted 
at  the  sides  to  lobed  and  fiddle-shape. 

Fruit,  two-celled.     Seeds,  four,  woolly  on  the  angles. 

Found)  oftenest  in  dry  ground,  from  Connecticut  to- 
Michigan  and  southward  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

A  twining  or  sometimes  trailing  herbaceous  vine,  with 
stems  four  to  eight  feet  in  length  ;  several  stems  usually 
springing  from  one  huge  tuberous  and  woody  root  that 
often  weighs  from  ten  to  twenty  pounds. 


"  This  root  has  long  been  employed  in  domestic 
medicine,  and  is  a  favorite  remedy  of  some  botanic  doctors. 
It  is  bitterish  and  somewhat  astringent." — TORREY. 

Resembling  Fig.  65. — White  Star-Ipomcea.     I.  lacunbsa,  L. 

Flowers,  about  one  inch  in  length,  or  less,  bell-shape. 
Corolla,  white,  sometimes  with  a  purplish  edge, 
sharply  five-lobed,  about  twice  the  length  of  the 
calyx.  Sepals,  lance-shape  to  oblong,  pointed,  hairy. 
Stamens  and  style,  not  exserted.  Stigma,  two-lobed 
or  entire.  Cluster-stem,  much  shorter  than  the  leaf- 
stem,  usually  about  one  half  as  long,  with  one  to  three 
blossoms.  August,  September. 


135 


Fig,  66.— Hedge  Bindweed.     (C.  sepium,  L.) 


136        Convolvulus  (Convolvulacece).    [No.  18 

Leaves,  about  two  inches  in  length,  heart-shaped  to  three- 
lobed,  pointed  at  the  apex. 

Fruit,  two-celled,  four-seeded. 

Found,  oftenest  in  low  ground  from  Pennsylvania  to  Illi- 
nois and  southward  to  South  Carolina  and  Texas. 

A    twining    or    prostrate    vine,    herbaceous,    slender, 
smoothish,  two  to  six  feet  in  length. 


(2)  Genus  CoNv6LVULUS,  Tourn.     (Bindweeds.) 

From  a  Latin  word  meaning  "  to  entwine." 

Flowers,  funnel-shape  to  bell-shape.  Petals,  united. 
Bracts,  present,  covering  the  calyx,  or  minute  on  the 
flower  stem.  Stamens,  not  exserted.  Style,  one,  un- 
divided or  two-cleft  at  the  apex.  Stigmas,  two,  line- 
like  to  egg-shape. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate  more  or  less  arrow-shape. 

Fruit,  round,  two-celled,  or  one-celled  by  absorption  of 
the  partition.  Seeds,  four. 

Twining  or  prostrate  herbaceous  vines. 


Fig.  66.— Hedge  Bindweed.     Rutland  Beauty.     C.  septum,  L. 

Flowers,  white  or  rose-tinted.  Corolla,  one  and  a  half  to 
two  inches  in  length.  Calyx,  five-parted,  with  two 
large  leaf-like  bracts  entirely  covering  it,  the  bracts 
heart-shaped  at  their  base,  and  at  their  apex  usually 
pointed,  sometimes  varying  to  very  blunt.  Stamens, 
widened  and  feathered  toward  the  base,  not  exserted. 
Flower-stem,  four-angled,  one-flowered,  as  long  as  the 
leaf-stem,  or  longer.  June,  July. 


Fig.  67.— Field  Convolvulus.     [C.  arvdnsis,  L.] 


i38        Convolvulus  (Convolvul&cece).  [NO.  is 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  in  length,  more  or  less  arrow- 
shaped.  Apex,  pointed.  Base,  lobed,  the  lobes 
often  cut  obliquely,  and  sometimes  slightly  toothed 
or  wavy. 

Fruit,  one-celled  or  imperfectly  two-celled,  four-seeded. 

Fozind,  in  rich  moist  ground  from  North  Carolina  north- 
ward and  westward. 

An  extensively  twining  or  sometimes  prostrate  vine,  five 
to  eight  feet  in  length,  smooth,  or  sometimes  varying  to 
downy. 

In  parts  of  England  the  blossom  of  the  Bindweed  is 
named  Old  Man's  Night-Cap,  as  that  of  the  White  Cam- 
pion is  named  Grandmother's  Night-Cap. 


Fig.  67. — Field  Convolvulus.      [C.  arvemis,  Z.] 

This  species  differs  chiefly  in  the  following  items : 

Flowers,  three  quarters  inch  in  length.     Bracts,  minute, 
pointed  near  the  middle  of  the  flower-stem. 

Leaves,   variable,   the  lobes  at   the  base  pointed.     Stem, 
slightly  hairy,  several  feet  in  length. 

Fruit,  two-celled. 

Found,  not  common,  escaped,  in   old   fields  from  North 
Carolina  to  Maine. 


The  Field  Convolvulus  "  has  taken  possession  of  many 
of  our  old  fields,  where  it  proves  troublesome  to  farmers." 

TORREY. 


NO.  18]    Convolvulus  (Convolmilacece).        139 

(3)  Genus  BREWERIA,  R.  Br. 

From  the  name  of  an  English  botanist  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

Fig.  68.— Breweria.     B.  Pickeringii,  G. 

Flowers,  white,  small,  bell-shape.  Corolla,  five-angled 
more  or  less  silky  on  the  outside.  Sepals,  very  hairy. 
Stamens  and  style,  exserted.  Styles,  two,  united  to- 
above  the  middle.  Stigmas,  blunt.  Flower-stems, 
with  one  to  three  blossoms  and  narrow  leaf-like  bracts 
which  are  as  long  as  the  flowers  or  longer. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  entire,  very  narrow,  line-like,  or 
the  lower  ones  widened  toward  the  apex  and  tapering 
to  the  base,  nearly  stemless. 

Found,  from  the  dry  pine-barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  North 
Carolina,  and,  more  sparingly,  westward. 

A  prostrate  herbaceous  vine,  smoothish  or  soft-downy. 

(4)  Genus  CUSCUTA,  Tourn.     (Dodder,  Love  Vine.) 

Flowers,  about  one  twelfth  to  two  twelfths  of  an  inch  in 
length,  whitish,  in  clusters.  Corolla,  from  globular 
to  tubular,  with  a  five-cleft  or  four-cleft  spreading 
border.  Calyx,  five-cleft  or  four-cleft,  or  of  five 
distinct  sepals.  Stamens,  alternate  with  the  lobes  of 
the  corolla,  and  with  scale-like,  often  fringed,  attach- 
ments at  their  base.  Styles,  two,  distinct  or  united. 
Seed-case,  two-celled.  Blossoming  usually  in  the  sum- 
mer and  fall. 

Leaves,  lacking  ;  in  place  of  them  usually  a  few  scattered, 
minute  scales.  Stems,  thread-like. 

Fruit,  two-celled,  mostly  four-seeded. 


140       Convolvulus  ( Convolvulacece ) .    [No.  18 

A  delicate  parasite,  whitish  to  yellowish  or  to  light  red- 
dish in  every  part,  appearing  more  like  a  tangle  of  thread 
than  a  living  plant.  The  seeds  germinate  in  the  ground  ; 
then  throw  up  slender  stems  which  soon  wither  at  the 
root ;  but  the  vine  continues  its  growth  over  neighboring 
plants,  clinging  to  them  and  feeding  upon  them  by  help  of 
minute  suckers.  It  is  a  true  parasite,  living  thus  upon 
other  forms  of  vegetation,  sometimes  very  greatly  to  their 
injury. 


The  name  "  Dodder  "  is  said  to  be  the  ancient  Frissian 
name,  and  to  signify  a  tangled  hank  of  silk,  such  as  the 
stalks  often  suggest. 


In  England  other  names  are  given  to  the  Dodder  :  one, 
and  not  a  pleasant  one,  is  "  Devil's  gut,"  because  of  the 
slender  stems  twining  around  other  plants  as  though  to 
strangle  them.  Another  name  is  "  Strangle-tare " ; 
another,  "  Lady's-lace." 


In  a  curious  poem  written  nearly  a  hundred  years  ago, 
Dr.  Erasmus  Darwin  comments  : 

"  The  fair  Cuscutse  please 
With  labored  elegance  and  studied  ease. 
With  sly  approach  they  spread  their  dangerous  charms, 
And  round  their  victims  wind  their  wiry  arms. 
So  by  Scamander  when  Laocoon  stood, 
Where  Troy's  proud  turrets  glittered  in  the  flood, 
Two  serpent  forms     .     .     . 
Ring  above  ring  in  many  a  tangled  fold 
Close  and  more  close  the  writhing  limbs  surround 
And  fix  with  foamy  teeth  the  envenomed  wound." 


141 


Fig.  68.— Breweria.     (B.  Pickeringii,  G.) 
Fig.  69.— Dodder.     (C.  Gron6vii,  Willd.) 


142       Convolvulus  (Convolvulacece).     [No.  18 

GUIDE    TO    THE    SPECIES. 

(a)  Stigmas,  rounded  or  blunted.     Seed-case,  not  splitting 

when  ripe. 
(b)  Calyx  with  united  sepals.   Seed-case,  flattened  at  the 

apex. 

(c)  Flowers  in  dense  rounded  clusters.     Corolla  with 
a  short  and  wide  tube,   (i)  C.  chlorocarpa  (Green- 
Fruited  Dodder).   (2)  C.  arvensis  (Field  Dodder). 
(c)  Flowers  in  lengthened  or  angled  clusters.   Corolla 
with  a  long  slender  tube.     (3)  C.  tenuiflora  (Nar- 
row-Flowered Dodder). 
(<£)  Calyx  with  united  sepals.     Seed-case  pointed  at  the 

apex. 

(c)  Corolla-lobes  pointed  and  turned  in.     (4)  C.  de- 
cora and  var.  (Comely   Dodder).     (5)  C.  inflexa 
(Bending  Dodder). 
(c)  Corolla-lobes  blunt  and   spreading.     (6)  C.  Gro- 

novii  and  var.  (Gronovius'  Dodder). 
)<£)  Calyx  with   five   distinct    sepals.     (7)   C.  compacta 
(Compact     Dodder).       (8)     C.    glomerata    (Coiled 
Dodder). 

(a)  Stigmas  lengthened.  Seed-case  splitting  when  ripe. 
(9)  [C.  epilinum]  Flax  Dodder.  (TO)  [C.  epi- 
thymum]  Thyme  Dodder. 

(i)  Green-Fruited  Dodder.     C.  chlorocarpa.  Eng. 

Flowers,  one  twelfth  inch,  or  a  little  more  in  length,  in 
dense,  rounded  clusters.  Corolla,  with  a  short  and 
wide  tube.  Corolla-lobes  and  calyx-lobes,  usually  four- 
pointed,  often  longer  than  the  tube.  Scales,  at  the 
base  of  the  stamens,  small  and  two-cleft,  or  oftener 
reduced  to  minute  teeth. 

Stem,  coarse,  orange  color. 

Fruit,  globular,  with  depressed  apex ;  pale,  greenish- 
yellow. 

Found,  in  damp  ground  from  Wisconsin  to  Arkansas,  also 

in  Pennsylvania  and  Delaware. 
A  favorite  support  is  the  common  Knotweed. 


NO.  18]    Convolvulus  (Convolvulacece).        143 

(2)  Field  Dodder.      C.  arvensis,  Bey. 

Flowers,  scarcely  one  twelfth  inch  in  length,  five-parted, 
in  dense,  rounded  clusters.  Corolla,  with  a  short 
and  wide  tube.  Corolla-lobes,  longer  than  the  tube, 
pointed,  with  the  ends  turned  in.  Calyx-lobes,  blunt 
and  usually  very  broad.  Scales,  at  the  base  of  the 
stamens,  large  and  deeply  fringed. 

Stem,  pale  and  slender,  scarcely  one  foot  in  length. 
Fruit,  globular,  with  depressed  apex,  yellowish. 

Found,  on  rather  dry  soil,  from  New  York  to  Florida,  and 
westward  to  the  Pacific.  Very  variable. 

(3)  Slender-Flowered  Dodder.  C.  tenuiflbra,  Eng. 
Flowers,  one  twelfth  inch  in  length,  or  less,  usually  four- 
parted,  in  lengthened  or  angled  clusters.  Corolla, 
with  a  slender  tube  deeply  bell-shaped,  the  tube  usually 
longer  than  the  lobes.  Corolla-lobes,  and  calyx-lobes, 
oblong  and  blunt.  Scales,  at  the  base  of  the  stamens, 
shorter  than  the  tube  and  fringed. 

Stems,  coarse,  yellow. 

Friiit,  one  twelfth  inch  or  a  little  more  in  diameter,  globose 
with  depressed  apex. 

Found,  in  wet  ground,  from  Pennsylvania  westward  and 
southward.  Favorite  supports  are  button-bushes,  tall 
asters,  etc. 

(4)  Comely  Dodder.     C.  decora,  Eng. 

Flowers,  one  eighth  inch  in  length  or  a  little  more,  fleshy 
and  sometimes  slightly  rough,  broad  bell-shape,  in 
loose  clusters.  Corolla-lobes,  five,  spreading  or  erect, 
with  the  pointed  tips  turned  in  ;  egg-shape  to  lance, 
shape.  Edges,  minutely  round-toothed.  Calyx-lobes, 
triangular,  pointed.  Scales,  large,  deeply  fringed. 


144      Convolvulus  (Convolvulacece).    [NO.  is 

Stem,  coarse. 

Fruit,  pointed,  enveloped  by  the  persistent  corolla. 

Found,  in  open  wet  ground  from  Illinois  to  Florida  and 
Texas  and  westward.  Favorite  supports  are  low 
plants,  oftenest  of  the  Leguminosae  and  the  Com- 
pdsitse  Families. 


Van  pulchdrrima,  Eng.,  has  larger  flowers,  one  eighth 
to  one  quarter  inch  in  length  and  width,  with  yellow  or 
purple  anthers  and  stigmas. 

(5)  Bending  Dodder.     C.  infldxa,  Eng, 

Flowers,  one  twelfth  inch  in  length,  fleshy,  bell-shape,  in 
loose  clusters.  Corolla-lobes,  usually  four,  erect  with 
the  pointed  tips  turned  in.  Edges,  minutely  round- 
toothed.  Sepals,  united.  Scales,  at  the  base  of  the 
stamens,  minute,  reduced  to  a  few  teeth. 

Fruit,  brownish,  pointed,  often  with  the  withered  corolla 
at  its  summit. 

Found,  in  dry  ground  from  southern  New  England  to 
Nebraska. 

Fig.  69. — (6)  Gronovius'  Dodder.     C.  Gronbvii,  Willd. 

Flowers,  very  variable  in  size,  usually  from  a  little  over 
one  twelfth  to  one  eighth  inch  in  length,  in  loose 
clusters.  Corolla,  bell-shape,  the  tube  longer  than 
the  lobes  and  longer  than  the  calyx.  Corolla-lobes, 
mostly  five,  spreading,  blunt.  Sepals,  united.  Scales, 
at  the  base  of  the  stamens  large,  oval,  and  abundantly 
fringed.  August,  September. 

Stems,  light  orange,  coarse,  often  high  climbing. 


NO.  i8]  Convolvuhis  (Convolvulacece).         145 

Fruit,  globose  or  oval,  brown,  with  a  stout  boss-like  pro- 
jection at  the  apex.  Corolla  persistent  at  the  base. 

Found,  in  wet  and  shaded  grounds  from  Canada  westward, 
and  southward  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Our  most 
common  species ;  the  only  one  found  throughout 
New  England. 

Van  latiflora,  Eng.,  has  more  delicate  flowers  with  the 
tube  of  the  corolla  shortened,  and  its  lobes  lengthened  to 
about  the  same  dimensions  ;  with  narrow  scales.  Common 
northward. 

(7)  Compact  Dodder.     C.  compdcta,  juss. 

Flowers,  stemless,  in  close,  compact  clusters.  Corolla, 
with  a  cylindrical  tube.  Corolla-lobes,  five,  spreading, 
oblong,  blunt.  Sepals,  five,  separate,  rounded,  hol- 
lowed, and  slightly  round-toothed,  surrounded  by 
three  to  five  similar  bracts.  Scales,  at  the  base  of 
the  stamens,  large  and  deeply  fringed.  July  to  Sep- 
tember. 

Fruit,  somewhat  pointed,  often  with  the  withered  corolla 
at  its  summit. 

Found,  from  Ontario,  along  the  west  side  of  the  Alle- 
ghany  Mountains  to  Alabama  and  Texas,  nearly 
always  on  shrubs — Hazel,  Alder,  etc. 

(8)  Coiled  Dodder.     C.  glomerata,  Choisy. 

Flowers,  stemless,  in  very  dense  continuous  clusters.  Co- 
rolla, tubular.  Corolla-lobes,  five,  oblong  to  lance- 
shape,  usually  blunt,  spreading  or  reflexed.  Sepals, 
five,  one  twelfth  inch  in  length,  separate,  oblong, 
their  tips  recurved,  shorter  than  the  tube  of  the 
corolla,  surrounded  by  numerous  similar  bracts. 
Style,  several  times  longer  than  the  seed-case.  Scales > 
large  and  deeply  fringed. 


146  Nightshade  (Solanacecz).        [No.  19 

Found,  from  Ohio  to  Minnesota  and  Texas,  most  frequently 
on  plants  of  the  Compositae  Family. 

The  mass  of  knotted  flowers,  bracts,  and  stems  often 
forms  ropes  one  half  to  three  quarters  of  an  inch  in  thick- 
ness. 

(9)  Flax-Dodder.     [C.  epi'linnm,  Weihe.} 

This  species,  with  the  next,  differs  from  all  the  others 
especially  in  these  two  items  : 
Stigmas,  elongated. 
Fruit,  splitting  when  ripe. 

The  stamens  are  not  exserted. 

The  species  has  been  introduced  from  Europe  where  it 
is  exceedingly  hurtful  in  the  flax-fields.  It  is  occasionally 
found  in  the  flax-fields  of  the  northern  States.  June. 

(10)  Thyme-Dodder.     \C.  eptihymum,  Murr.} 

This  species,  with  the  preceding,  differs  from  all  others 
especially  in  these  two  items  : 

Stigmas,  elongated. 
Fruit,  splitting  when  ripe. 
The  stamens  are  exserted. 

The  species  has  been  introduced  from  Europe,  and  is 
occasionally  found  in  beds  of  clover. 

No.  19.— Family   SOLANACE^.     (Nightshade   Fam.) 
(i)  Genus  SOLANUM,  Tourn. 

The  Irish  Potato,  Egg-Plant,  Tomato,  etc.,  belong  to  this  very  large  genus. 

Fig.  70.— Woody  Nightshade.    Bitter-Sweet.  [S.  dulcamara,  Z.] 
Flowers,  purple  or  blue  in  small  drooping  clusters  along 
the  sides  of  the  stems.      Corolla,  five-parted,  wheel- 
shaped,  with  two  greenish-white  spots  at  the  base  of 


147  Fig.  70. — Woody  Nightshade.     [S.  dulcamara,  L.] 


148  Nightshade  (Solanacece).       [No.  19- 

each  lobe.  Calyx,  five-parted,  persistent.  Stamens, 
exserted,  equal,  with  very  short  filaments,  inserted  on 
the  corolla  alternate  with  its  lobes.  Anthers,  blunt, 
opening  at  the  apex,  united  around  the  single  style. 
Stigma,  one.  Seed-case,  free,  two-celled,  many-seeded. 
June  to  September. 

Leaves,  mostly  simple  and  egg-shape,  alternate,  with  rank 
odor  when  crushed  ;  the  upper  ones  usually  with  two 
ear-like  lobes  or  two  leaflets  at  the  base.  Edges,  entire. 
Base,  usually  heart-shape.  Apex,  pointed. 

Fr2iit,  bright  red,  oval,  two-celled,  many-seeded  ;  in 
bunches  that  remain  long  after  the  leaves  have  fallen. 
It  is  said  to  be  poisonous  when  eaten.  A  berry. 

Found,  in  moist  ground,  oftenest  around  dwellings,  from 
New  England  to  Arkansas.  Naturalized  from 
Europe, 

A  woody  climber,  or  trailer,  sometimes  five  or  six  feet 
in  length  ;  not  to  be  confused  with  our  very  different 
native  Bitter-Sweet,  C.  scdndens.  It  is  one  of  the  numer- 
ous plants  which  have  lost  their  former  reputation  for  high 
medicinal  qualities.  Concerning  the  effects  of  the  berries 
when  eaten  there  is  the  most  conflicting  testimony.  Some 
claim  that  the  fruit  is  extremely  poisonous,  others  that  it 
is  harmless.  The  rind  of  the  stalk  is  said  to  have  a  taste 
at  first  bitter,  then  sweet,  whence  one  of  its  popular 
names. 

(2)  Genus  LYCIUM,  L. 

Named  from  the  country  of  Lycia,  where  the  species  was  native. 
Fig.  71. — Matrimony- Vine.     \_L.  vulgare,  Dunal.     L.  bdrbamm,  Z.] 

Flowers,  greenish-purple,  solitary  or  in  pairs  from  the 
axils  of  the  leaves,  Corolla,  five-lobed,  the  lobes 
spreading.  Calyx,  mostly  three-cleft,  persistent. 


Fig.  71. — Matrimony-Vine.     [L.  vulgare,  Dunal.] 
Fig.  72. — Trumpet-Creeper.     (T.  radicans,  Juss.) 


150  Nightshade  (Solanacece).       [No.  19 

Stamens,  five,  inserted  on  the  corolla  and  alternate 
with  its  lobes,  exserted.  Filaments,  bearded  and 
closing  the  throat.  Anthers,  opening  lengthwise. 
Style,  one.  Stigma,  one.  Seed-case,  free,  two-celled, 
several-seeded. 

Leaves,  two  and  a  half  to  four  inches,  about  three  times  as 
long  as  wide,  simple,  alternate  (or  often  in  clusters). 
Edge,  entire,  lance  shape  to  oval,  or  sometimes 
widened  toward  the  apex,  smooth.  Base,  tapering. 
Apex,  pointed  or  blunt.  Stems,  angled,  the  branches 
sometimes  spiny,  and  ending  in  a  spiny  point. 

Fruit,  small,  oval,  orange-red,  two-celled.  Seeds,  several, 
kidney-shaped.  A  berry. 

Found,  common  in  cultivation,  and  sparingly  naturalized 
in  Pennsylvania,  etc. 

A  woody  shrub,  with  long  trailing  or  drooping  branches. 
These  branches  in  cultivation  are  often  trained  as  screens, 
and  when  wild,  cover  walls  and  fences  in  thick  tangled 
masses. 


"  But  daintiest  of  all  the  multitude  of  dainties  of  pas- 
ture, wood,  and  meadow,  is  the  nectar  of  flowers.  .  .  . 
I  remember  how  when  a  child,  if  I  wished  an  Olympian 
feast,  I  sought  the  flowers  of  the  queer,  ungraceful  old 
Matrimony  Vine,  which,  for  some  unknown  reason,  gained 
so  much  favor  with  housewives,  who  carefully  trained  it 
over  porch  or  trellis  or  against  the  side  of  the  house,  yet 
were  always  complaining  at  the  litter  of  the  constantly 
falling  leaves.  ...  By  squeezing  the  short  tube  of  a 
freshly  opened  flower — the  faded  buff  ones  were  passed 
by  —  a  generous  sweet  drop  was  secured."  —  ATLANTIC 
MONTHLY,  September,  1893. 


NO.  20]        Bignonia  (  Bignoniacece).  151 

No.  20.—  Family   BIGNONlACE^.     (Bignonia   Fam.) 

Genus  TECOMA,  Juss. 
Fig.  72.  —  Trumpet-Creeper.     Trumpet-Flower.      T.  rddicans, 


Flowers,  two  and  a  half  to  three  inches  in  length,  scarlet 
without,  orange  within,  in  terminal  clusters.  Corolla, 
funnel-form,  with  short  tube,  five-lobed,  slightly 
irregular.  Calyx,  bell-shape,  five-toothed,  about  half 
the  length  of  the  corolla.  Stamens,  four  (with  rudi- 
ments of  a  fifth),  inserted  on  the  corolla,  not  protrud- 
ing. Anther-cells,  diverging.  Style,  one,  slender. 
Stigma,  two-lipped.  Seed-case,  free,  two-celled,  many- 
seeded.  June,  August. 

Leaves,  compound,  opposite.  Leaflets,  nine  or  eleven,  two 
to  three  inches  in  length,  egg-shape  to  oval.  Edges, 
coarse-toothed.  Apex  and  base,  pointed. 

Fruit,  five  to  six  inches  in  length,  curved,  two-celled,  with 
the  partition  at  right  angles  to  the  flattened  sides,  a 
section  showing  the  figure  of  a  cross.  Seeds,  many, 
flat,  winged  across.  A  capsule. 

Found,  in  moist  soil,  from  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia, 
southward  to  Florida  and  Texas.  Common  at  the 
north  in  cultivation. 

A  vigorous  woody  climber,  sometimes  mounting  to  the 
height  of  twenty  to  eighty  feet.  In  cultivation  it  perhaps 
shows  to  best  advantage  when  trained  upon  stout  posts, 
so  forming  thick  columns  of  rich  foliage  and  bloom.  It  is 
without  tendrils,  climbing  by  help  of  numerous  short  root- 
lets at  the  joints. 


152  Mint  (Labiatce).  [No. 21 

No.  2i.— Family  LABIATE.     (Mint  Fam.) 
Genus  NEPETA,  L. 

Fig-  73.— Gill-over-the-Ground.     Ground-Ivy.  [JV.  Glechbma, 
Benth^ 

Flowers,  light  blue,  in  loose  clusters  of  about  three  blos- 
soms, from  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Corolla,  tubular 
below,  two-lipped,  the  upper  lip  erect,  two-notched 
and  somewhat  hollowed ;  the  lower  lip  spreading, 
three-cleft,  with  the  middle  division  largest  and  entire 
or  two-lobed.  Calyx,  obliquely  five-toothed,  about 
one  third  the  length  of  the  corolla,  tubular.  Stamens, 
four,  in  pairs,  attached  to  the  corolla,  and  ascending 
under  its  upper  lip.  Anthers,  usually  so  placed  as  to 
form  two  small  crosses.  Style,  one.  Stigma,  one, 
two-lobed.  Seed-case,  free,  deeply  four-lobed  around 
the  stigma,  each  lobe  containing  one  young  seed. 
May. 

Leaves,  simple,  opposite,  rounded,  one  inch  or  less  across, 
round-toothed.  Apex,  rounded.  Base,  heart-shaped. 

Fruit,  composed  of  four  clustered  and  separable  nutlets  or 
achenes. 

Found,  common  in  damp  and  shaded  ground.  Introduced 
from  Europe. 

A  creeping  herbaceous  vine  from  a  few  inches  to  two 
feet  in  length  ;  with  square  stems,  as  in  all  the  Labiates, 
and  foliage  that  is  aromatic  when  crushed. 


"  Boiled    in    mutton-broth    it  helpeth  weake  &  akeing 
backs." — GERARD. 


CLASS   FIRST— Continued 
(EXOGENS) 


DIVISION  III 

THE  COROLLA  LACKING 

(APETALOUS) 


155 


No.  22.— Family  POLYGONACE^.     (Buckwheat 
Fam.) 

(i)  Genus  POLYGONUM.     (Knotweeds.) 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  many  "  and  "  knees,"  because  of  the  jointed  stems.. 

Flowers,  in  clusters.  Corolla,  lacking.  Calyx,  five-  (rarely 
four-)  parted,  mostly  greenish-white  with  colored 
margins,  more  or  less  corolla-like  in  appearance,  per- 
sistent. Stamens,  usually  eight,  rarely  five,  and  in 
No.  i  (P.  arifolium)  six.  Styles  or  stigmas,  three, 
(two  in  No.  i).  Seed-cases,  free,  one-celled,  one- 
seeded. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  entire.  Stipules,  (ocreae)  in  the 
form  of  sheaths  around  the  stem  at  the  swollen  joints. 

Fruit,  enclosed,  or  nearly  enclosed,  by  the  calyx,  one- 
celled.  Seed,  one,  flattened  or  triangular.  An 
achene. 

All  herbaceous. 


GUIDE  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

(a)  Stems  prickly. 

(b)   Leaves  halberd-shaped.     Stamens  six,  styles  two. 
(i)   Halberd-leaved  Tear-Thumb  (P.  arifolium,  L.). 
(b)   Leaves     arrow-shaped.       Stamens     mostly     eight, 
styles  three. 

157 


158  Buckwheat  (Polygonacece).      [No.  22 

(2)  Arrow-leaved  Tear-Thumb  (P.  sagittatum,  L.). 
(a)  Stems  not  prickly. 

(b)  Sheaths  naked.     Fruit  not  winged. 

(3)  Black  Bindweed  (P.  convolvulus,  L.). 
(6)  Sheaths  fringed  at  base.     Fruit  not  winged. 

(4)  Bristly-jointed  Bindweed  (P.  cilinode,  MX.). 
(6)  Sheaths  not  fringed.     Fruit  winged. 

(5)  Hedge  Bindweed  (S.  scandens,  L.). 

Fig.  74. — (i)   Halberd-Leaved  Tear-Thumb.    P.  arifolium,  L. 

Flowers,  small,  white  or  pale  rose,  in  few-blossomed  spikes. 
Calyx,  often  four-parted.  Stamens,  six.  Styles,  two, 
very  short.  June  to  October. 

Leaves,  two  to  four  inches  in  length,  halberd-shaped,  the 
base  a  pair  of  spreading  pointed  lobes,  the  apex  taper- 
ing and  pointed.  Leaf-stem,  one  half  to  one  inch  in 
length,  roughened  with  downward-pointing  prickles. 

Fruit,    large,    flattened,    the    shape    of  a  double  convex 

lens. 
Foimd,  in  low  and  wet  ground  from  Canada  to  Georgia 

and  westward. 

A  weak  vine,  two  to  three  feet  long,  climbing  by  help  of 
fine  downward-pointing  prickles  on  the  edges  of  its 
grooved  and  often  red  stem. 

Fig.  75.— (2)  Arrow-Leaved    Tear-Thumb.     Scratch-Grass. 

P.  sagittatum,  L. 

Flowers,  whitish  or  pale  rose,  in  small  heads.  Stamens, 
usually  eight.  Styles,  three,  slender.  Cluster-stems, 
smooth  and  usually  reddish  or  nearly  white.  June  to 
October. 

Leaves,  one  to  three  inches  in  length,  arrow-shape.  Leaf- 
stem,  short,  sheathing  stipules  at  the  joints,  smooth, 
membranaceous. 


159 


Fig.  74.— Halberd-Leaved  Tear-Thumb.     (P.  arifdlium,  L.) 
Fig.  75.— Arrow-Leaved  Tear-Thumb.    (P.  sagittatum,  L.) 


i6o  Buckwheat  (Polygonacece).      [No.  22 

Fruit,  sharply  three-angled.  Achenc,  nearly  black,  smooth, 
nearly  as  broad  as  long. 

Foimd,  common  everywhere  in  low  ground. 

A  slender,  usually  prostrate  vine,  not  twining,  two  to 
five  feet  in  length  ;  mostly  smooth,  excepting  on  the  edges 
of  the  four-angled  stem,  and  on  the  mid-vein  of  the  leaf 
and  leaf-stem.  These  parts  are  set  with  fine  and  very 
sharp  downward-pointing  prickles. 


Fig.  76.— (3)  Black  Bindweed.     Knot  Bindweed.     {P.  con- 
volvulus, Z.] 

Flowers,  whitish,  either  sessile  or  in  small  loose  clusters 
from  the  axils  of  the  leaves.  Calyx,  five-lobed,  twice 
as  long  as  the  flower-stem,  the  three  outer  lobes 
keeled.  Stamens,  eight.  Styles,  three,  very  short. 
July  and  August. 

Leaves,  one  to  two  inches  or  more  in  length,  halberd-heart- 
shape,  tapering  to  the  apex,  with  usually  pointed  and 
somewhat  spreading  lobes  at  the  base.  Sheatking- 
stipules,  not  fringed  at  their  base  as  in  No.  4  (Bristly- 
Jointed  Bindweed). 

Fruit,  three-angled,  not  winged  around  as  in  No.  5 
(Hedge  Bindweed).  Achene,  dull  black,  under  the 
lens  roughish  (striate),  the  sides  ovate-triangular  to 
oval. 

Found,  common  in  cultivation  and  in  waste  ground 
from  Canada  to  North  Carolina.  Naturalized  from 
Europe. 

A  prostrate  or  climbing  and  twining  vine,  with  a  ridged, 
roughish,  but  not  prickly  stem,  two  to  three  feet  in 
length. 


Fig.  76.— Black  Bindweed.     [P.  convdlvulus,  L.] 

F'8T-  77-  — Bristly-Jointed  Bindweed.     (P.  cilindde,  MX.) 

Fig.  78.— Hedge  Bindweed.     (P.  scdndens,  L.) 


1 62  Buckwheat  (Polygonacece).      [No.  22 

Fig.  77.— (4)  Bristly-Jointed     Bindweed.     Bristly-Jointed 
Knotweed.     P.  cilinbde,  MX. 

Flowers,  in  loose,  nearly  leafless  clusters,  five  inches  in 
length  or  so,  at  the  sides  and  the  ends  of  the  branches. 
Calyx,  five-lobed,  the  outer  lobes  only  obscurely 
keeled.  Stamens,  eight.  Styles,  three,  very  short. 
July  to  September. 

Leaves,  one  to  one  and  a  half  inches  or  more  in  length, 
egg-shape,  minutely  downy.  Apex,  taper-pointed. 
Base,  deeply  heart-shaped,  with  the  lobes  sometimes 
slightly  spreading.  Sheathing-stipules,  at  the  joints, 
minutely  fringed  at  the  base  with  reversed  bristles. 

Fruit,  three-angled,  not  winged  around  as  in  No.  5 
(Hedge  Bindweed).  Achene,  very  smooth  and  shin- 
ing, the  sides  elliptical. 

Found,  in  thickets  and  on  rough  hills,  from  Canada  to  the 
mountains  of  North  Carolina. 

A  slender  climbing  and  twining  vine,  minutely  downy, 
three  to  nine  feet  in  length. 


Fig.  78.— (5)  Hedge  Bindweed.    Climbing  False  Buckwheat. 

P.  scan  dens,  L. 

Flowers,  in  interrupted,  usually  leafy  clusters  in  the  axils 
of  the  leaves.  Calyx,  five-lobed,  the  three  outer 
sepals  strongly  keeled  and  becoming  winged  in  fruit. 
Stamens,  eight.  Styles,  three,  very  short.  July  to 
September. 

Leaves,  two  to  three  inches  in  length,  egg-shape.  Apex, 
pointed.  Base,  lobed,  the  lobes  slightly  pointed,  or 
rounded,  sometimes  spreading.  Skeat king-stipules ^ 
not  fringed  at  the  base  as  in  No.  4  (Bristly-Jointed 
Bindweed). 


NO.  23]    Birthwort  (Aristolochiacece).        163 

Fruit,  winged   around  like   elm-seeds.     Achcne,  smooth, 
black,  with  sides  hollowed  and  ovate-elliptical. 

Found,  common  in  thickets  from  Canada  to  Florida  and 
westward. 

A  slender  vine  eight  to  twelve  feet  in  length,  smooth, 
twining  over  high  bushes  ;  its  winged  fruit  more  showy 
than  its  blossoms. 


No.    23.— Family    ARISTOLOCHlACE^.   (Birthwort 
Fam.) 

Genus  ARISTOLOCHIA,  Tourn. 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "excellent"  and  "childbirth,"  with  reference  to 
supposed  medicinal  qualities. 

Fig.  79. — Pipe-Vine.     Dutchman's  Pipe.    Wild  Ginger.     Big 
Sarsaparilla.    A.  S\pho,  Lifer. 

Flozuers,  dull  brown,  solitary,  along  the  sides  of  the 
branches.  Corolla,  lacking.  Calyx,  one  and  a  half 
inches  in  length,  the  tube  inflated,  and  strongly  curved 
like  a  large  pipe  ;  contracted  at  the  mouth,  obscurely 
three-lobed,  with  a  brown-purplish  flat  border. 
Flower-stem,  long,  with  a  clasping  egg-shapecl  bract 
near  the  base.  Stamens,  six.  Anthers,  in  pairs, 
united  to  the  three  short  thick  lobes  of  the  stigma. 
Seed-case,  adherent  to  the  calyx  or  partly  so,  six-celled, 
many-seeded.  May,  June. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  entire,  six  to  twelve  inches  across, 
broad  heart-shape  ;  sprinkled  with  soft  hairs,  other- 
wise nearly  smooth.  Stipules,  none. 

Fruit,  usually  three  to  four  inches  in  length,  six-angled, 
six-celled.  Seeds,  many,  very  flat.  A  capsule. 


1 64  Nettle  ( Urticacecz).  [No.  24 

Found,  in  rich  woods  from  Pennsylvania  to  Georgia,  and 
west  to  Minnesota  and  Kansas. 

A  woody  vine  with  twining  stems,  sometimes  two  inches 
thick,  that  climb  to  a  height  of  thirty  or  forty  feet ;  very 
ornamental  and  useful  in  cultivation  for  arbors  and  screens. 
The  root  is  aromatic  and  stimulant  like  ginger. 


No.  24.— Family  URTICACE^.     (Nettle  Fam.) 

Genus  HUMULUS,  L. 
Fig.  80.— Hop.     H.  Lbpulus,  L. 

Flowers,  small,  greenish,  in  clusters.  The  staminate  and 
the  pistillate  forms  are  in  different  plants  ;  the  stamin- 
ate, with  five  sepals  and  five  erect  stamens  opposite 
them,  in  loose  very  many-blossomed  clusters  from  the 
axils  of  the  leaves  ;  the  pistillate,  with  one  sepal,  which 
is  wrapped  around  the  seed-case,  in  short  spikes  with 
large  scales.  June,  July. 

Leaves,  variable,  usually  two  to  four  inches  in  length,  sim- 
ple, opposite,  toothed,  and  mostly  three-  or  five-lobed, 
very  rough  backward  on  the  upper  surface.  Stipules, 
persistent. 

Fruit,  one-celled,  one-seeded.  An  achene  wrapped  in  the 
enlarged  scale-like  calyx. 

Found,  only  in  rich  soil,  from  New  England  westward, 
and  southward  in  the  mountains  to  Georgia.  Also, 
extensively  in  cultivation  for  the  markets. 


79-— Pipe-Vine.     (A.  Slpho,  L'Her.) 


1 66  Nettle  (Urticacecz).  [No.  24 

A  vigorous,  herbaceous  climber,  with  stems  six  to  ten 
feet  long,  or  more,  very  rough  downward — almost  prickly. 
It  is  both  ornamental  and  of  great  value  commercially. 
The  bitter  and  aromatic  principle  for  which  it  is  noted  is 
due  to  small,  reddish  grains  with  which  the  calyx,  fruit, 
and  other  parts  are  more  or  less  dotted. 


Darwin  describes  the  motion  of  the  Hop  Vine  in 
twining  : 

"  When  the  shoot  of  a  Hop  rises  from  the  ground,  the 
two  or  three  first-formed  joints  are  straight  and  remain 
stationary,  but  the  next-formed,  whilst  very  young  .  .  . 
bend  to  one  side  and  travel  slowly  round  all  points  of  the 
compass,  moving,  like  the  hands  of  a  watch,  with  the  sun. 
The  average  time  for  one  revolution  is  two  hours  and 
eight  minutes." 

He  suggests  an  explanation  of  this  motion  : 

"  Let  us  suppose  that  the  cells  along  the  northern  sur- 
face [of  the  revolving  part]  from  the  base  to  the  tip  were 
to  grow  much  more  rapidly  than  on  the  other  sides,  the 
whole  shoot  would  then  be  bowed  to  the  south.  Let  the 
longitudinal  growing  surface  creep  round  the  shoot, 
deserting  by  slow  degrees  the  northern  side,  and  en- 
croaching on  the  western  side,  and  so  round  by  the  south, 
by  the  east,  again  to  the  north.  In  this  case  the  shoot 
would  remain  always  bowed  and  with  the  point  successively 
directed  to  each  point  of  the  compass." 

The  movement  is  not  a  twisting  of  the  shoot,  but  a  con- 
stant bowing,  front,  sideways,  backwards,  round  and  round 
until  contact  occurs  or  it  stiffens  with  age. 


CLASS  SECOND 

ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS  (LEAVES  MORE  OR  LESS  NEARLY 
PARALLEL-VEINED  FROM  BASE  TO  APEX) 


ifiq 


No.  25.— Family  LILlACE/G.     (Lily  Fam.) 
Genus  SMILAX,  Tourn.     (Green-Briar.     Cat-Briar.) 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  yew." 

Flowers,  small  (about  one  quarter  inch  or  less  in  length), 
green  or  yellowish  (or  in  No.  3 — S.  Walteri,  P. — 
brownish),  in  small  clusters  from  the  sides  of  the 
branches  ;  the  perianth  (calyx  and  corolla)  of  six  sim- 
ilar divisions ;  the  staminate  and  pistillate  forms 
separate,  on  the  same  vine.  Stamens,  six,  with  line- 
like  or  narrow  filaments,  inserted  at  the  base  of  the 
divisions.  Stigmas,  three  (one  in  No.  9,  S.  laurifolia), 
thick  and  spreading,  and  nearly  stemless.  Seed-case, 
free,  three-celled  (one-celled  in  No.  9),  with  one  or 
two  young  seeds  in  each  cell. 

Leaves,  simple,  alternate,  entire  or  three-lobed,  sometimes 
with  the  edge  and  mid-vein  minutely  bristle-toothed, 
strongly  veined  from  base  to  apex,  the  veins  more  or 
less  nearly  parallel,  usually  smooth.  Leaf-stems  in 
most  of  the  species  kneed,  and  bearing  at  the  bend  a 
pair  of  tendrils,  which  in  this  genus  probably  are 
modified  stipules. 

Fruit,  rounded,  black  when  fully  ripe  (except  in  No.  3, 
S.  Walteri,  P.),  one-  to  three-  (mostly  three-)  celled, 
one-  to  six-  (mostly  three-)  seeded.  A  berry. 

Found,  very  widely  distributed. 

171 


i;2  Lily  (Lilidcetz).  [.NO. 25 

Slender  vines,  oftenest  woody,  climbing  extensively  by 
help  of  the  tendrils  of  the  leaf-stems.  The  sarsaparilla  of 
commerce  is  obtained  from  the  roots  of  various  species. 

GUIDE  TO  THE  SPECIES. 

(a)   Herbaceous,  annual,  without  prickles.       Flowers  ill- 
scented.       Leaf-stems  one  third  to  one  and  one  half 
inches  or  more  in  length. 
(6)   Leaves  usually  seven- or  nine-veined,  smooth.      (i) 

S.  herbacea,  L. 
(8)   Leaves  usually  seven-  or  nine-veined,  downy  beneath 

(i)  S.  herbacea,  var  puberulenta,  G. 
(S)   Leaves  usually  five-veined,  the  middle  three  often 
close  and  nearly  parallel.     (2)  S.   tamnifolia,  MX. 
(a)  Woody,   perennial,  more  or  less  prickly.      Leaf-stem 

one  quarter  to  three-quarter  inch  long. 
(b)   Leaves  from  rounded  and  egg-shape  to  fiddle-shape. 

Base  mostly  rounded  or  heart-shape. 
(c)  Stem  of  flower-clusters   usually  about  the  length 
of  the  leaf-stem  or  shorter,  one  twelfth  to  one 
half  inch  in  length. 

(d)   Berries  bright  red.     (3)  S.  Walteri,  Pursh. 
(d)  Berries  blue-black.     (4)   S.  rotundifolia,  L. 
(c)  Stem  of  flower-clusters  longer  than  the  leaf-stem, 
but  seldom  twice  as  long  (except  sometimes  in 
No.    5).      Prickles,    when    present,    stout    and 
broad-based  (except  sometimes  in  No.  5). 
(flf)   Leaves  not  contracted  at  the  middle.     Edges 

not  bristle-toothed. 
(e}  Leaf  with  a  distinct  whitish  bloom  beneath. 

(5)  S.  glauca,  Walt. 
(e)   Leaf  green  beneath  (without  a  bloom).      (4) 

S.  rotundifolia,  L. 

(cT)  Leaves  usually  more  or  less  contracted  at  the 
middle.  Edges  often  bristle-toothed.  (6) 
S.  bona-nox,  L. 

(c)  Stem  of  flower-cluster  two  to  four  times  the  length 
of  the  leaf-stem.  Prickles  when  present  slender 
and  needle-shaped  (excepting  sometimes  in 
No.  5). 


NO.  25]  Lily  (Liliacecz).  173 

(W)   Leaf  with  a  distinct  whitish   bloom  beneath. 

(5)  S.  glauca  Walt. 

(d)  Leaf  without  a  distinct  whitish  bloom  beneath. 
(V)   Leaves  not  contracted  at  the  middle.       Base 
seldom    or    never    heart-shaped.      (7)     S. 
hispida,   Muhl. 

(e)  Leaves  often  contracted  at  the  middle.  Base 
more  or  less  heart-shaped.  (8)  S.  Pseudo- 
China,  L. 

(<$)  Leaves  from  oblong-lanceolate  to  very  narrow. 
Base  tapering.  Cluster-stem  not  longer  than  the 
leaf-stem.  (9)  S.  laurifolia,  L. 

Fig.  81. — (i)  Carrion-Flower.    S.  herbacea,  L. 

Flowers,  greenish,  ill-scented  (like  carrion),  often  in  twenty- 
to  forty-  (sometimes  eighty-)  blossomed  clusters. 
Cluster-stems,  often  four  to  five  inches  in  length.  May, 
June. 

Leaves,  usually  two  to  five  inches  in  length,  lance-shape  to 
egg-shape  or  rounded,  smooth  (excepting  in  the 
variety),  distinctly  seven-  or  nine-veined.  Base, 
heart-shape  to  squared  or  blunt.  Apex,  pointed, 
often  bristle-tipped.  Leaf-stem,  one  third  to  one  and 
one  half  inches  or  more  in  length,  bearing  thread-like 
tendrils. 

Stem,  herbaceous,  unarmed,  three  to  fifteen  feet  in  length. 

Fruit,  red,  ripening  to  bluish-black,  very  abundant.  Seeds, 
two  to  six. 

Found,  common  in  thickets  and  low  grounds,  from  Canada 

to  Florida  and  Texas. 
A  very  variable  species.     The  tubers  of  the  root-stock 

are  short  and  thick. 

Var.  puberuldnta,   G.   has  the  leaves  somewhat   downy 
beneath. 

According  to  Thoreau,  the  odor  of  6".  herbdcea  is  equal 
to  that  of  "a  dead  rat  in  the  wall." 


174  Lily  (Liliaccce).  [No.  25 

Fig.  82. — (2)  Yellowish  Carrion-Flower.     S.  tamnifolia,  MX. 

This  species  differs  from  No.  i,  Carrion-Flower,  chiefly 
in  the  following  items  : 

Flowers,  in  ten-  to  twenty-blossomed  clusters.  Cluster- 
stem,  one  to  four  inches  long,  very  slender.  July. 

Leaves,  from  broad  egg-shape  to  lance-shape,  distinctly  five- 
to  seven-  (usually  five-)  veined,  the  three  middle  veins 
often  close  and  nearly  parallel.  Leaf-stem,  one  half 
to  one  and  one  half  inches  in  length. 

Fruit,  one-  to  three-seeded. 

Found,  from  the  pine-barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  South 
Carolina. 

Resembling  Fig.  83.— (3)  Walter's  Smilax.     S.  Wdltcri,  Pursh. 

Flowers,  usually  brownish,  in  six-  to  fifteen-blossomed  clus- 
ters. Cluster-stem,  flattened,  one. sixth  to  one  half 
inch  long  ;  not  longer  than  the  leaf-stem.  Each 
flower-stem,  one  sixth  to  one  quarter  inch  long  and 
very  slender.  April,  June. 

Leaves,  usually  three  to  four  inches  in  length,  egg-shape  to 
oblong  lance-shape  ;  three-veined  (or  five-veined,  with 
the  two  outer  veins  indistinct),  rather  thick,  smooth, 
green  both  sides,  bristle-pointed.  Base,  slightly  heart- 
shape  or  rounded.  Leaf-stem,  one  sixth  to  one  half 
inch  long. 

Fruit,  red,  round,  or  sometimes  oblong  or  pointed,  two-  to 
three-seeded. 

Found,  from  Florida  to  North  Carolina,  and  sometimes  to 
the  pine-barrens  of  New  Jersey,  usually  in  swampy 
grounds. 


Fig.  82.— Yellowish  Carrion-Flower.     (S.  tamnifdlia,  MX.) 
Fig.  81.— Carrion-Flower.     (S.  herbacea,  L.) 


176  Lily  (Liliacece).  [No. 25 

A  low  woody  vine,  with  the  stem  more  or  less  angled, 
and  usually  beset  with  a  few  prickles  toward  the  base  ;  six 
feet  or  less  in  length. 

Fig.  83.— (4).  Cat-Briar.    Green-Briar.    Horse-Briar.    S. 

rotundifblia,  L. 

Flowers,  in  six-  to  twelve-blossomed  clusters.  Cluster- 
stems,  no  longer,  or,  sometimes,  only  slightly  longer 
than  the  leaf-stems  ;  flattened.  March,  June. 

Leaves,  very  variable  in  size,  usually  two  to  three  inches 
in  length,  egg-shape  to  round,  often  broader  than 
long ;  green  on  both  sides,  smooth,  entire  ;  five-  or 
seven-veined,  the  three  middle  veins  the  strongest, 
oftenest  leathery.  Base,  slightly  heart-shape  or 
rounded.  Apex,  abruptly  short-pointed.  Tendrils, 
strong,  from  the  wings  of  the  leaf-stem.  Leaf-stem, 
one  quarter  to  one  half  inch  long.  Prickles,  stout  and 
broad-based. 

Fruit,  round,  blue-black,  one-  to  three-seeded,  often  cling- 
ing throughout  the  winter. 

Found,  very  common,  especially  in  low,  damp  ground, 
from  Canada  southward  to  Georgia,  and  westward. 

A  woody  vine,  with  the  stem  round  or  nearly  so,  and 
the  branchlets  often  more  or  less  four-sided  ;  ten  to  forty 
feet  in  length  ;  armed  usually  throughout  with  stout 
prickles.  Stem  and  branches,  oftenest  yellowish-green. 
Root-stock  running  for  long  distances  just  under  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground,  sparingly  furnished  with  tubers,  like 
those  of  .51  glauca,  but  seldom  in  masses,  as  in  that 
species. 

Var.  quadrangular  is,  G.,  has  the  branches — especially 
the  smaller  ones — strongly  four-sided,  and  is  more  com- 
mon westward. 


Fig.  83.— Cat-Briar.     (S.  rotundifdlia,  L.) 
Fig.  84.— False  Sarsaparilla.     (S.  gla&ca,  Walt.) 


177 


178  Lily  (Liliacecz).  [No.  25 

Fig.  84.— (5)  False  Sarsaparilla.     S.  glakca,  Walt. 

Flowers,  in  six-  to  twelve-blossomed  clusters.  Cluster- 
stems,  flattened  ;  two  to  three  times  as  long  as  the 
leaf-stems  ;  each  flower-stem,  one  sixth  to  one  third 
inch  long.  March,  June. 

Leaves,  usually  two  to  four  inches  in  length,  egg-shape, 
varying  from  very  broad  to  narrow  egg-shape,  entire ; 
smooth,  with  a  marked  whitish  bloom  (glaucus)  be- 
neath and  sometimes  above  ;  five-veined,  the  two  side 
veins  indistinct.  Base,  usually  rounded  and  slightly 
pointed,  often  somewhat  heart-shape.  Apex,  mostly 
rather  blunt,  with  a  sharp  point.  Leaf-stem,  one  quar- 
ter to  one  half  inch  long.  Prickles,  when  present, 
usually  slender. 

Fruit,  black,  mostly  two-  to  three-seeded. 

Found,  in  dry  thickets,  from  Massachusetts  to  Florida, 
and  westward. 

A  woody  vine  with  a  round  stem,  sometimes  armed  with 
scattered  prickles  (either  needle-like  or  triangular),  some- 
times unarmed.  Branchlets,  oftes  covered,  like  the  leaves, 
with  a  whitish  bloom  ;  sometimes  slightly  triangular.  Root- 
stock  running  deep,  with  tubers  one  to  one  and  a  half 
inches  long,  and  one  inch  thick  and  often  in  masses. 

Fig.  85.— (6)  Stretch- Berry.    S.  bbna-ndx,  L. 

Flowers,  twelve-  to  forty-blossomed,  in  clusters.  Cluster- 
stein,  seven  twelfths  to  one  and  two  twelfths  inch 
long  (about  twice  as  long  as  the  leaf-stem)  ;  each 
flower-stem,  one  sixth  to  one  third  inch  long. 

Leaves,  varying  from  heart-shape,  usually  with  the  middle 
slightly  hollowed  on  each  side,  to  strongly  three-lobed, 


179  Fig-  85.— Stretch-Berry.     (S.  b6na-ndx,  L.) 


i8o  Lily  ( Liliacece).  [No.  25 

or  even  to  fiddle-shape  (i.  e.,  with  the  middle  very 
deeply  hollowed);  often  minutely  bristle-toothed  along 
the  edge  and  on  the  mid-vein  ;  often  mottled.  Leaf- 
stem,  one  quarter  to  one  half  inch  long. 

Fruit,  round,  black,  usually  one-seeded. 
Found,  from  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  Texas. 

A  woody  vine,  eight  to  twenty  feet  in  length,  with  the 
stem  usually  cylindrical  and  the  branchlets  angled  ;  armed 
with  short  stout  prickles.  Stems  and  branches  green. 


Dr.  Burrows  states  that  the  Indians  make  the  tuberous 
roots  into  meal,  which  they  use  for  bread  or  soup,  under 
the  name  of  coomte. 


The  name  Stretch-Berry  is  due  to  the  rubber-like  elas- 
ticity of  the  pulp  of  the  ripe  berry. 


Resembling  Fig.  84. — Rough  Smilax.     S.  hispida,  Muhl. 

Flowers,  rather  larger  than  in  the  common  Cat-Briar  (No. 
83).  Cluster-stem,  flattened,  three  quarters  to  two 
inches  in  length,  about  twice  as  long  as  the  leaf-stem, 
or  more.  June. 

Leaves,  usually  three  to  five  inches  in  length,  egg-shape, 
never  contracted  at  the  middle,  the  larger  ones  more 
rounded,  five-veined,  rather  thin,  green  on  both  sides. 
Apex,  pointed.  Base,  rounded,  unless  in  the  larger 
ones,  sometimes  slightly  heart-shaped.  Edge,  some- 
times slightly  roughened.  Leaf-stem,  one  third  to 
three  quarters  inch  in  length.  Prickles,  very  weak, 
needle-like. 


NO.  25]  Lily  (Liliacece).  181 

Fruit,  black,  one-  to  three-seeded. 

Found,  from  Connecticut  westward  and  southward. 

A  woody  vine  eight  to  twelve  feet  in  length.  The  stem 
is  usually  densely  armed  toward  the  base  with  long,  very 
weak,  needle-shaped,  blackish  prickles. 

Fig.  86.— (8)  False  China-Briar.     S.  PseMo-Ch\na,  L. 

Flowers,  in  clusters  of  many  blossoms.  Cluster-stems, 
two  to  three  inches  in  length — three  times  as  long  as 
the  leaf-stem  ;  flattened.  July. 

Leaves,  egg-shape  to  heart-shape,  in  old  plants  sometimes 
broader  than  long,  often  minutely  bristle-toothed 
along  the  edge,  five-veined,  rather  thin,  green  on 
both  sides.  Apex,  bristle-pointed,  Leaf-stem,  short, 
Base,  heart-shape  or  rounded. 

Fruit,  black,  three-seeded. 

Found,  in  dry  soil  from  New  Jersey  to  Florida  and  west- 
ward. 

A  woody  vine.  Stems  cylindrical,  purplish-brown,  un- 
armed or  rarely  with  a  few  weak  prickles.  Root  with 
large  tubers. 

Fig.  87.— (9)  Laurel-Leaved  Smilax.     S.  laurifblia,  L. 

Flowers,  in  six-  to  thirty-blossomed  clusters.  Cluster-stem, 
cylindrical,  one  sixth  to  five  sixths  inch  long,  short, 
seldom  longer  than  the  short  leaf-stem.  Stigma,  one. 
Seed-case,  one-celled,  one-seeded.  June  to  August. 


182 


Lily  (Liliacece). 


[No.  25 


Leaves,  evergreen,  thick,  abundant ;  two  to  five  inches  in 
length,  one  half  to  two  inches  broad,  from  oblong 
lance-shape  to  very  narrow,  narrowing  into  a  short 
leaf-stem ;  smooth  above,  paler  below.  Veins,  three. 

Fruit,  black  when  fully  ripe,  ripening  the  second  year, 
one-seeded. 

Found,  from  the  pine-barrens  of  New  Jersey  to  Florida, 
and  westward. 

A  woody  vine  with  round  and  usually  unarmed  stems, 
often  climbing  to  great  distances. 


Fig.  86.— False  China-Briar.     (S.  Pseudo-China,  L.) 
Fig.  87.— Laurel-Leaved  Smilax.    (S.  laurifolia,  L.) 


CLASS  THIRD 
ACROGENOUS  PLANTS  (FERNS  AND  CLUB-MOSSES) 


185 


No.  26.— Family   FILICES.     (Ferns.) 
Genus  LYGODIUM,  Swartz. 

From  a  Greek  word  meaning  "  flexible." 

Fig.  88. — Climbing  Fern.     L.  palmatum,  Swartz. 

Leaves  (frondlets),  simple,  alternate  in  pairs,  four-  to  seven- 
lobed  ;  edges  of  the  lobes  entire,  ends  blunt,  smooth. 

Fruit,  scale-like  dots,  in  double  rows  on  the  back  of  the 
narrower  and  smaller  lobes  of  the  variously  divided 
upper  leaves. 

Found,  oftenest  in  low  ground,  from  Massachusetts  to 
Virginia  and  Kentucky,  and  occasionally  southward. 
Rare. 

A  very  pretty  climbing  fern,  one  to  three  feet  in  length, 
slender  and  delicate.  It  is  one  of  the  few  climbing  ferns 
of  the  world,  and  the  only  one  found  in  the  United  States. 

No.  27.— Family  LYCOPODI ACE^.  (Club-Moss  Fam.) 
Genus  LYCOPODIUM,  L. 

From  two  Greek  words  meaning  "  wolf "  and  "  foot." 

Leaves,  evergreen,  small,  simple,  crowded,  usually  entire, 
lance-shape  or  awl-shape  (excepting  sometimes  in  the 
spikes),  one-veined,  in  four  to  many  ranks. 

1 86 


5 

as 

^ 


187  Fig.  88.— Climbing  Fern.     (L.  palmatum,  Swartz.) 


1 88          Club- Moss  ( Lycopodiacecz).      [No.  27 

Fruit,  one-celled,  kidney-shaped  spore-cases,  in  the  angles 
of  the  upper  leaves  or  scales  (forming  more  or  less 
distinct  spikes  that  are  sometimes  sessile  at  the  ends 
of  the  branches  and  sometimes  stalked),  filled  with 
yellow  inflammable  dust-like  spores. 

Low  evergreen  perennials.  The  spore-dust  is  very  in- 
flammable, and  is  used  in  the  manufacture  of  fireworks.  It 
is  also  sold  by  druggists  under  the  name  of  Lycopodium 
powder,  to  prevent  the  chafing  of  tender  skin. 

GUIDE    TO    THE    SPECIES. 

(a)  Branches  not  flattened.      Leaves  around  the  branches 

of  one  kind. 
(b)  Spikes   stemless.     (i)    Interrupted    Club-Moss  (L. 

annotinum,  L.). 
(&)  Spikes  stemmed.      (2)  Common     Club-Moss     (L. 

clavatum,  L.). 

(a)  Branches  much  flattened.  Leaves  around  the  branches 
of  two  kinds.  (3)  Festoon  Ground-Pine  (L. 
complanatum,  L.). 


Fig.  89. — (i)  Interrupted  Club-Moss.     L.  annotinum,  L. 

Leaves,  of  the  stem  and  branches  alike,  spreading, 
minutely  toothed  near  the  tip,  stiff,  lance-shape, 
pointed,  in  about  five  rows  :  those  of  the  spikes,  scale- 
like,  yellowish,  egg-shape  or  heart-shape. 

Stems  and  branches,  cylindrical,  creeping,  one  to  four  feet 
in  length,  much  branched.  Branches,  erect,  four  to 
eight  inches  in  height,  two-  to  three-forked,  leafy 
throughout.  Spike,  terminal,  stemless,  at  the  summit 


Fig.  89.— Interrupted  Club-Moss.    (L.  anndtinum,  L.) 


189 


190          Club-Moss  (Lycopodiacecz).      [No.  27 

of  the  fertile  branches,  about  one  inch  in  length,  thick, 
solitary,  cylindrical.     July. 

Found,   in   woods,   in   New  England  and  Canada,  rather 
common. 


Van  pungens,  Spring,  is  a  reduced  form  found  on    the 
White  Mountains. 


Fig.  90. — (2)  Common  Club-Moss.     L.  davatum,  L. 

Leaves,  of  the  stem  and  branches  alike,  in  many  rows  ; 
narrow  awl-shape,  many  of  them  with  a  double  curve ; 
all  tipped  with  a  long,  fine  bristle.  Leaves  of  spikes, 
scale-like,  minute,  yellowish,  egg-shape  or  heart-shape, 
also  tipped  with  a  slender  bristle. 

Stems  and  branches,  cylindrical,  creeping  extensively, 
branches  two  to  five  inches  long,  erect,  very  leafy, 
simple  or  often  forked,  the  fertile  ones  terminated  by 
a  slender  stalk  four  to  six  inches  in  length,  which 
bears  the  one  to  four  (usually  two  or  three)  slender, 
cylindrical  bristly  spikes,  one  to  two  inches  in  length. 
July. 

Foitnd,  in  dry  woods,  from  the  mountains  of  North  Caro- 
lina northward.  Common,  especially  northward.  It 
is  much  used  at  the  north  for  Christmas  decorations. 

The  Lycopodium  powder  of  druggists  and  of  fireworks 
manufacturers  is  obtained  chiefly  and  in  great  quantities 
from  this  species. 


Fig.  90. — Common  Club-Moss.     (L.  clavatum,  L.) 


i92  Club-Moss  ( Lycopodiacece).      [No.  27 

Fig.  91. — (3)  Northern  Ground-Pine.     Festoon  Ground-Pine. 

L.  complanatiim,  L. 

Leaves  of  the  stem  and  branches  awl-shape,  sharp  ;  those 
on  the  flat  branchlets  in  four  distinct  rows,  and  of 
two  forms,  namely  :  the  two  marginal  rows  with 
spreading  tooth-like  leaves ;  the  two  surface  rows 
with  much  smaller  and  closely  pressed  leaves  (giving 
thus  a  saw-like  look)  ;  those  of  the  spikes  scale-like, 
yellowish,  egg-shape  or  heart-shape. 

Stems,  round,  creeping  extensively  among  the  leaves  and 
moss,  two  to  ten  feet  in  length,  often  underground. 
Branches,  two  to  three  inches  long,  more  or  less  erect 
once-  or  twice-forked,  and  then  divided  into  many 
very  flat  branchlets.  Fertile  branches,  terminated 
by  a  slender  stalk  bearing  the  two  to  six  cylindrical 
fruiting  spikes,  each  spike  one  inch  or  more  in  length. 
Branchlets,  crowded,  much  flattened,  spreading  (fan- 
like),  somewhat  resembling  in  form  a  spray  of  Arbor- 
Vitae  or  White  Cedar.  July. 

Found,  common  in  woods  and  thickets,  especially  north- 
ward. 


Fig.  91. — Northern  Ground-Pine.     (L.  complanatum,  L.) 


193 


Farewell,  ye  kindly  companye, 
Each  vine  and  shrub  and  tree, 
Dear  friends  to  me  ; 

Farewell  again,  ye  God-sent  companye. 


EXPLANATION  OF  TERMS 


197 


EXPLANATION    OF   TERMS. 


The    term    "vine"    is    used   broadly   to   indicate   such 
growths  as  are  too  weak  for  self-support. 


II. 


THE    FLOWER. 


(i)  The  flower,  when  complete,  is  composed  of  petals, 
Fig.  a  (i)  ;  sepals,  Fig.  a  (2)  ;  stamens,  Fig.  b  (i),  with 
filament,  Fig.  b  (2),  and  anther,  Fig.  b  (3)  ;  pistil,  Fig. 
b  (4),  with  seed-case,  Fig.  b  (5)  ;  style,  Fig.  b  (6),  and 
stigma,  Fig.  b  (7). 


,/.   Petal    j.   Anther 

2.   Filament     ' 


2.   Sepal 


i.   Stamen*. . 


—    7-  Stigma 

,    _  *  -  -(,.  Style. 
"^'4.  Pistil 

— j-.  Seed-case 
"   8.  Receptacle 


Fig.  a. 


Fig.  b. 


These  parts  are  supported  by  the  receptacle,  Fig.  b  (8). 
The  corolla  (crown),  is  the  circle  of  the  petals  ;  the  calyx 
(cup),  is  the  circle  of  the  sepals. 

(2)  The  flower  is  pistillate,  when  the  pistil  is  present 


199 


200  Explanation  of  Terms. 

and  the  stamens  are  lacking  ;  staminate,  when  the  stamens 
are  present  and  the  pistil  is  lacking. 

(3)  The  seed-case  is  free,  when  it  is  not  attached  along 
its  sides  to  the  calyx  ;  adherent,  when  it  is  so  attached. 

(4)  The  flower  is  terminal,  when  it  is  at  the  end  of  a 
branch  ;  axillary,  when  it  springs  from  the  base  of  the 
leaf-stem,  i.  e.,  from  the  "  axil"  of  the  leaf. 

III. 

THE    FRUIT. 

The  fruit  consists  of  the  ripened  seeds  and  their  wraps. 
(For  the  different  kinds  see  the  Fruit  Guide,  page  xxvii.) 

IV. 

THE    LEAF. 

(1)  A  leaf  is  simple,  when  it  is  of  one  piece  ;  compound, 
when  there  are  two  or  more  entirely  distinct  parts,  called 
leaflets,  on  the  one  leaf-stem. 

A  compound  leaf  is  feather-shaped,  when  the  leaflets  are 
placed  along  the  sides  of  the  leaf-stem  ;  hand-shaped,  when 
all  the  leaflets  radiate  from  the  end  of  the  leaf-stem,  like 
fingers  from  the  palm  of  the  hand.* 

(2)  The  leaf  is  entire,  when  its  edge  is  an  even  line 
without  indentation  ;  toothed,  when  it  is  set  with   an   in- 
definite number  of  sharp  or  blunt  teeth  ;  lobed,  when  the 
indentations  are  deep  and  of  a  definite  number. 

(3)  The  leaf  is  needle-shaped,  or  line-shaped,  when  it  is 
very  narrow,   or   sometimes   scarcely   more   than   a   line  ; 
lance-shape,    when    it    is    much    longer    than    wide,    and 
gradually  tapering  to  a  point  ;  inversely  lance-shape,  when 

*  NOTE  i. — Compound  leaves  may  be  once,  twice,  or  three  times  compound. 
NOTE  2. — The  leaflets  of  a  compound  leaf  can  be  distinguished  from  a  simple  leaf  by 
the  absence  of  leaf-buds  from  the  base  of  their  stems. 


Explanation  of  Terms.  201 

gradually  tapering  down  instead  of  up  ;  egg-shape,  when 
it  is  of  the  general  shape  of  an  egg,  with  the  broadest  part 
below  the  middle,  but  without  regard  to  the  form  of  the 
base  and  the  apex  ;  inversely  egg-shape,  when  it  is  the 
shape  of  an  egg,  but  with  the  broadest  part  above  the 
middle  ;  oval,  with  the  broadest  part  at  the  middle. 

(4)  The  leaf  at  its  apex  may  be  pointed,  taper-pointed, 
bristle-pointed,  blunt,  or  rounded. 

(5)  The    leaf    at    its    base    may    be   squared,    rounded, 
pointed,  wedge-shape  (when  it  tapers  to  a  point  by  straight 
lines),  or  heart-sJiape. 

(6)  The   leaves  as  arranged  upon  the  branch  may  be 
alternate,   when   they  follow  one  another  upon  different 
sides  of  the  branch  ;  opposite,  when  they  are  in  pairs  and 
on   opposite  sides  of  the  branches  ;  indeterminate,  when 
they  are  small   and   closely  crowded  up   and   down    the 
branches,  e.  g.,  the  club-mosses. 

V. 

(1)  Stipules  are  appendages  of  the  nature  of  a  leaf,  but 
•of  various  forms,  found  in  some  plants  in  pairs  at  the  base 
of  the  leaf-stems,  e.  g.,  in  the  Pea. 

(2)  Stipels  are  small  stipules  found  in  some  plants  at 
the  base  of  the  leaflet-stems. 

(3)  Bracts  are  small  appendages  of  the  nature  of  a  leaf, 
but  of  various  forms,  found  oftenest  in  connection  with,  or 
just  below,  the  calyx. 

(4)  The  axil  of  a  leaf  is  the  angle  between  the  leaf- 
stem  and  the  branch. 


GLOSSARY. 


PAGE 

PAGE 

Achenium  or  akene  (see  Fruit  Guide, 

Leaflet  (distinguished  from  leaf) 

200 

p.  xxvii). 

Legume  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  xxvii). 

Adherent         .                            .         . 

2OO 

Lobed 

200 

Alternate-leaved      .... 

2O  I 

Needle-shaped         .... 

200 

Angiospermse   (plants    whose   seeds 

Opposite-leaved       .... 

201 

are  covered) 

Oval        

201 

Anther    

I99 

Persistent   (not    disappearing    with 

Axil        

201 

age) 

Axillary           

2OO 

Petal       

199 

Banner            

36 

Pistil       

I99 

Berry  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  xxvii). 

Pistillate         

199 

Bloom  (a  delicate  whitish  coating) 

Pollen  (the  contents  of  the  anther- 

Bract      ...... 

20  r 

cells) 

Bristle-pointed        .... 

2CI 

Pome  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  xxvii). 

Calyx      .-        . 

199 

Receptacle      

199 

Compound  leaf        .... 

200 

Samara  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  xxvii). 

Corolla  

199 

Seed-case         

199 

Drupe  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  xxvii). 

Sepal      

199 

Egg-shaped     .                   ... 

201 

Simple  leaf     ..... 

200 

Entire-edged           .... 

200 

Squared            

2O  I 

Feather-shaped        .... 

2OO 

Stamen  ...... 

199 

Filament         

I99 

Staminate        ..... 

2OO 

Follicle  (see  Fruit  Guide,  p.  xxvii). 

Standard         

36 

Free        

200 

Stigma             

I99 

Gymnospermse  (plants  whose  seeds 

Stipel     

201 

are  naked) 

Stipule   

2OI 

Hand-shaped            .... 

200 

Style       

I99 

Heart-shaped 

201 

Taper-pointed          .... 

201 

Herbaceous  (not  woody) 

Toothed-edge          .... 

200 

Indeterminate-leaved 

2O  I 

Twice  compound    .... 

200 

Inverse  egg-  or  lance-shaped 

2OO 

199 

Keel       

36 

Wedge-shaped         .... 

201 

Lance-shaped          .... 

200 

Wings    ...... 

36 

Leaflet   

200 

INDEX   OF   VINES. 


The  names  of  families  are  given  in  HEAVY  CAPITALS,  of  genera  in  SMALL 
CAPITALS,  of  species  and  of  varieties  in  "  roman  type,"  and  synonyms  in  italics.  The 
names  of  introduced  species  are  enclosed  by  brackets. 


A 

PAGE 

PAGE 

Bindweed,  Black     . 

.     160 

ADLIJMIA  cirrhbsa 

12 

Bristly-jointed 

.     162 

fungosa 

12 

Hedge  (C.  sepium) 

.     136 

AMPELPOSIS  quinquefolia 

3° 

Hedge  (P.  scandens) 

.     162 

AMPHICARP^EA  commosa 

48 

Knot 

.     160 

nionbica 

.    48 

RIRTHROOT       . 

.     163 

Pi'tcheri 

.     50 

Bitter-sweet  (C.  scandens) 

ANACARDlACE^E      . 

•       34 

Bitter-sweet  (S.  dulcamara)      . 

.     146 

APIOS  tuberosa 

54 

Blackberry,  Low     . 

70 

Arbutus,  Trailing  . 

.     113 

Running  Swamp 

.       70 

ARCTOSTAPHYLOS  Uva-ursi     . 

.        112 

Boneset,  Climbing 

.       102 

ARISTOLOCHlACE^: 

.       163 

Boxberry         .... 

.     118 

ARISTOLOCHIA  Slpho 
ASCLE  PI  ADACE^E     . 

.        124 

BREwfcRiA  Pickeringii     . 
Breweria          .... 

•     139 
•     139 

Atrdgene  Americanus 

6 

BUCKWHEAT    . 

-     157 

Buckwheat,  Climbing  False 

.     162 

B 

Bullace  

•       30 

Balsam-Apple,  Wild 

.       81 

Bur-Cucumber 

.       78 

r-     _           .       .                                    7?       //     1 

Bush-  Clover 

40 

7° 

Beach-Pea 

64 

Bush-Trefoil 

.       38 

Bearberry        .... 

.       112 

Butterfly-Pea. 

.       46 

Bean,  Few-flowered  Kidney    . 

.         46 

Kidney 

.         42 

C 

Umbelled  Kidney 

•       44 

Various-leaved  Kidney. 

44 

CAPRIFOLlACE^I      . 

.       87 

Wild  (A.  tuberosa) 

•       54 

Carrion-Flower 

•     173 

Wild  (P.  polystachyus) 

42 

Carrion-Flower,  Yellowish 

.     174 

Bedstraw,  Hairy     . 

.        102 

Cat-Briar       .... 

-     176 

Rough    . 

.       100 

CELASTRACE^E 

•       14 

Small      . 

.       101 

CELASTRUS  scandens 

.       14 

Sweet-scented 

.       101 

Checker  berry  .... 

.     118 

BIGNONIA  .... 

.    151 

Chicken  Grape 

.       26 

BIGNONlACE^ 

.    151 

China-Briar,  False  . 

.     181 

203 


2O4 


Index  of  Vines. 


PAGE 

PAGE 

CHIOGENES  hispidula 

.     no 

Dewberry        .... 

.           70 

serpyllifolia    . 

.     no 

DIAPENSIACE^i 

.       121 

Cinquefoil       .          .          .          . 

•       72 

Dodder,  Bending    . 

.        I44 

Cleavers,  Goose-Grass 

.       98 

Coiled       .        '. 

•        H5 

Rough      . 

.       IOO 

Comely 

•       M3 

Clematis           .... 

4 

Compact  . 

•        145 

Clematis,  Whorled  . 

6 

Field 

•       M3 

CLEMATIS  verticillaris     . 

6 

Flax 

.       I46 

Viorna    . 

6 

Green-fruited    . 

.       142 

Virginiana 

4 

Gronovius' 

•       H4 

CLIT6RIA  Mariana  . 

.       46 

Slender-flowered 

•       M3 

Clover,  Bush  .... 

40 

Thyme      . 

.       I46 

CLUB-MOSS 

.     186 

Dogberry         .... 

.       112 

Club-Moss,  Interrupted  . 

.     188 

Downy  Grape 

•         24 

Club-Moss,  Common 

.     190 

Dutchman's  Pipe    . 

.       I63 

COMPOSITE       . 

.       102 

COMPOSITE 

.       102 

E 

CONVOLVULACE/E  . 

.       127 

ECHINOCVSTIS 

.       8t 

CONV6LVULUS  [arvensis] 

.       138 

EPIG^EA  repens 

•     "3 

sepium 

.       136 

ERICACE^ 

.     106 

CONVOLVULUS 

.       127 

Eu6iNYMOUS 

.       16 

Convolvulus,  Field. 

.       133 

obovatus   . 

.       16 

Cranberry,  American 

.     106 

Everlasting  Pea 

.       62 

Large  . 

.     106 

Small    . 

.     109 

F 

Creeping  Charlie 
Creeping  Jennie 

.        122 

.     186 

Fern,  climbing 
FERN            .... 

.     186 
.     186 

CROWFOOT 

3 

FILICES       .... 

.     186 

Cucumber,  One-seeded  Bur-   . 
CUCURBITACE^E       . 

.       78 
.       78 

Five-finger      .... 
Fevering  Moss 

.       72 

.       121 

CuscfJTA,  arvensis  . 
chlorocarpa    „ 
compacta 

.     143 
.     142 
•     145 

Fox-Grape      .... 

Frost-Grape    .                            . 

20 
26 

FUMAR1ACE.E 

12 

decora    . 
var.  pulcherrima 

.     143 
•     144 

Fttmitory,  Climbing 
FUMITORY 

12 
12 

[epi'linum] 

.     146 

[epi'thymumj 

.     146 

G 

glomerata 
Gronivii 

•     145 
.     144 

GALACTIA  glabella  . 

•         52 

var.  latiflora 

•     !45 

pilosa      . 

.       54 

inflexa   . 

•     M4 

regularis 

•       52 

tenuifl6ra 

.     143 

GALIUM  Aparine     . 

.       98 

Cypress  Vine,  Wild 

.     132 

asprellum 
pilisum    . 

.       IOO 

.       102 

D 

tn'fidum    . 

.       IOI 

DALIBARDA  repens 

.       72 

triflorum  . 

„       IOI 

DESM6DIUM  humifusum 

•       38 

GAULTHERIA  procumbens 

.     118 

rotundifolium 

.       38 

Gill-over-the-Ground 

.     152 

Index  of  Vines. 


205 


PACK 

K 

Ginger,  Wild.         .         . 

I63 

PAGE 

GON6LOBUS  obllquus 

127 

Kidney-Bean  .... 

•           42 

Goose-  Crass  Cleavers 

q8 

Knot  weed       .... 

•        157 

GOURD        .         .         .         . 

78 

Knotweed,  Bristly-joinU-d 

.        162 

Grape,  Chicken 

26 

L 

Downy 

24 

Fox    Northern 

20 

LABIAT/E 

152 

Southern 

28 

LATHYRUS  maritimus 

.           64 

Frost  .... 

26 

ochroleucus   . 

.           64 

Possum 

26 

[odoratus] 

.           62 

Red                 '      . 

28 

palustris 

66 

River  .         . 

26 

var.  myrtifolius  . 

.       66 

Scuppernong 

30 

pratensis 

.       6S 

Summer 

22 

ven6sus 

.       66 

Winter 

26 

Laurel,  Ground 

•     U3 

Greenbriar      .         .         . 

I76 

Leather-Flower 

6 

C           d  T 

152 

LEGUMIN6SyE 

36 

Ground-Nut   .... 

54 

LESPEDEZA  procumbens  . 

40 

Ground-Pine,  Northern  . 

192 

rep  ens    . 

.       40 

Festoon 

192 

LILIACE^E  .... 

•     I71 

LlNN^teA  borealis 

.       87 

II 

LoNfcERA  glauca    . 

•       94 

HEATH        .... 

106 

grata      . 

.       90 

Hemp-Weed,  Climbing  . 

.       102 

hirsuta   . 

.       92 

Hog-Peanut  (A.  commoso) 

•          48 

[Japonica]      . 

.       92 

(A.  Pitcheri) 

•          50 

sempe'rvirens 

.       90 

HONEYSUCKLE 

.       87 

Sullivantii 

•       94 

Honeysuckle,  Evergreen          , 

.       90 

Love  Vine      .... 

•     139 

hairy 

.       92 

L"\'C1UM  [barbarimii] 

.     148 

Japanese  . 

•       92 

[vulgare]  . 

.     148 

Small-leaved      . 

•       94 

LYCOPODIACE^i 

.     186 

Trumpet  . 

.       90 

LYCOP6DIUM  annotinum 

.     188 

Yellow  (L.  grata) 

90 

clavatum  . 

.     190 

Yellow  (L.  Sullivanti 

i)      94 

complanatum 

.     192 

Hop        

.     164 

LYG&DIUM  palmatum 

.     186 

Horse-Briar  .... 

.     176 

LYSIMACHIA  [nummularia]     . 

.       122 

HUMULUS  Lupulus 

.     164 

M 

I 

MADDER     ...» 

.    96 

IPOMULA  [coccinea] 

.     132 

Man-of-the-Earth    . 

•    134 

[hederacea] 

.     130 

Matrimony  Vine     . 

.    148 

113 

lacunosa   . 
pandurata. 
r          *       i 

.     134 

May-Pop         .... 

.    76 

38 

[purpureaj 
[quamoclit] 

.     13° 
.     132 

MENISPERMACE^E  . 

8 

Ipomcea,  White  Star 

•     134 

MENISPERMUM  Canadense 

8 

Ivy,  American 

.       30 

MITCHELLA  repens 

.       96 

Ivy,  Poison     .... 

•       34 

MiCRAMPELis  lobata 

.       81 

2o6 


Index  of  Vines. 


PAG8 

PAGE 

MIK.XNIA  scandens 

.       102 

PHASEOLUS,  umbellatus 

.       44 

Milk-Pea         .         .          .          . 

•          52 

Pipe-Vine        .... 

.      163 

Milk  Pea,  Downy  .         . 

54 

Poison-Ivy      .... 

•        34 

MILKWEED 

.       122 

Poison-Oak     .... 

•       34 

Milkweed,  Black    . 

.       126 

POLYGONACE^E 

•     157 

Rough-fruited 

.       127 

POLYGONUM,  arifolium   . 

-     158 

Twining 

.       126 

cilinode 

.     162 

MINT            -.         . 

•       152 

[convolvulus] 

.     160 

Moneywort                         • 

122 

sagittatum 

.     158 

MOONSEED 

8 

scandens 

.     162 

Moonseed       .... 

8 

Potato  Vine,  Wild 

•     134 

Morning  Glory 
Morning-Glory,  Small 

.     130 
.     130 

POTENTILLA  Canaclensis 
PRIMROSE 

.       72 

.       122 

Mountain  Fringe    . 

12 

PRIMULACE.'E  . 

.        122 

Muscadine      .... 

•         30 

PULSE          .... 

•          36 

PYXIDANTHERA  barbulata 

.        121 

N 

PYXIE           .... 

.       121 

NEPETA  Glechoma 

•       152 

* 

NETTLE      .         .         . 

.       I64 

R 

NIGHTSHADE   . 

.       146 

Nightshade,  Wroody 

.       146 

RANUNCULACE/E     . 

3 

Raspberry,  Dwarf  . 

.       69 

O 

RHIJS  radicans 

•       34 

Oak,  Poison    .... 

•       34 

toxicode'ndron 

•       34 

ROSACES   .... 

.       68 

P 

R6sA  setigera. 

•       74 

ROSE  '  

.       68 

Partridge-Berry  (G.  procumbens) 
Partridge-Berry  (M.  repens)    . 
PASSIFLORACE.E      . 
PASSIFI.6RA  [ccerulea]     . 

.     118 
.       96 
.       76 

•       77 

Rose  [Baltimore  Belle]  . 
Climbing 
Michigan 
Prairie  .... 

.       76 
.       68 
.       68 
.       68 

incarnata      . 

•       77 

RUBIACE/E 

.       96 

lutea    .          .          . 
PASSION-FLOWER    . 

76 
.       76 

RfrBUS  Canadensis  . 
hispidus 

70 
70 

Passion-flower,  Blue 

•       77 

triflorus        .          .          » 

.       69 

Yellowish        . 

.       76 

Rutland  Beauty 

.     136 

Pea,  Beach     .... 

64 

Butterfly 

.       46 

Downy  Milk 

•       54 

Milk       .... 

52 

Sweet     .... 

62 

Sarsaparilla,  Big    . 

.     163 

Peanut,  Hog 

48,  50 

Sarsaparilla,  False  . 

.     178 

PERIPLOCA  [Grseca]        .     .    . 

.     126 

Scratch-Grass 

.     158 

PHASEOLUS,  diversifblius 

•       44 

SICYOS  angulatus    . 

•       78 

helvolus      . 

44 

SMiLAX  bona-nox    . 

•     178 

pauciflorus 

.       46 

glauca 

-     178 

perennis      . 

42 

herbacea     . 

•     173 

polystachyus 

42 

var.  puberule'nta      . 

•     173 

Index  of  Vines. 


207 


PAGE 

PAGE 

SMlLAX  hispida       .         . 

.     180 

Vetch,  American     .         . 

.       62 

laurifolia    . 

.     181 

Carolina 

.       60 

Pseudo-China     . 

.     181 

Common 

.       56 

rotundifolia 

.     176 

Four-seeded          . 

.         .       58 

var.  quadrangularis 

.     176 

Narrow-leaved 

.'        •       58 

tamnifolia  . 

•     174 

Hairy  . 

.       58 

Walter!      . 

•     174 

Slender 

.       58 

Smilax,  Laurel-leaved     . 

.     181 

Tufted 

60 

Rough 

.     180 

Vetchling,  Myrtle-leaved 

.       66 

Walter's     . 

•     174 

Spreading 

.       68 

Snow-Berry,  Creeping     . 

.     no 

Swamp 

.       66 

SOLANACE^L      . 

.  146 

Veiny    . 

.       66 

SOLANUM  [dulcamarra]  . 

.  146 

Yellow-white 

.       64 

STAFF-TREE      . 

.     14 

ViciA,  Americana  . 

.       62 

Staff-  Tree       .... 

.     14 

Caroliniana 

.       60 

Strawberry  Bush,  Trailing 

.       16 

cracca 

60 

Stretch-Berry. 

.     178 

[hirsuta]      . 

.         .       58 

Strophostyles  angulbsa 

•       44 

[satlva] 

.         •       56 

peduncularis 

.       44 

[var.  angustifolia] 

.       58 

SUMACH      .... 

.       34 

[tetrasperma] 

.         .       58 

Sweet-Pea       .... 

62 

V1NCET6XICUM  [nlgrum] 

.     126 

T 

VINE    .... 

.       16 

Violet,  False 

72 

Tare       

•       56 

Virginia  Creeper 

.       30 

Tea-Berry      .... 

.     118 

Virgin's  Bower 

4 

158 

VITACE/E 

16 

Halberd-leaved 

.     158 

Vlns,  sestivalis 

22 

Arrow-leaved 

.     158 

bi'color 

.         24 

TECOMA  radkans    . 

•     151 

cinerea 

.         24 

Tick-Trefoil. 

•       38 

cordi  folia 

.         26 

Trailing  Arbutus  . 

•     U3 

labrusca 

•            •         23 

Trefoil,  Bush 

•       38 

palmata 

.         28 

Smooth  Bush 

•       38 

riparia 

.         26 

Trumpet-Creeper    . 

•     J51 

r  libra 

.         28 

Trumpet-  Flower 

•     IS' 

rotundifolia 

.         28 

Twin-Flower 

.       87 

vulplna 

.         26 

u 

W 

URTICACE^E       . 

.     164 

v 

Waxwork 

.         14 

Wintergreen 

.     n8 

VACcfNlUM  macrocarpon 

106 

IVnndbinp 

3° 

occycoccus  . 

.     109 

Woodbine,  American 

.       9° 

3 


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